Research & Literature

Long-term clinical outcomes of conjunctival flap surgery for calcified scleromalacia after periocular surgery.

Jung JW, Kwon KY, Choi DL, et al.

Cornea 2015; (34(3)):308-12 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000326.

[Diagnosis and treatment approach for necrotizing scleritis (NS): A clinical case].

Hernández-Camarena JC, Rodríguez-García A, Valdez-García J

Gaceta medica de Mexico 2015; (151(4)):525-8.

Open Globe Injuries Presenting With Normal or High Intraocular Pressure.

Margo JA, Feldman S, Addis H, et al.

Eye & contact lens 2016; (42(4)):256-61 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000188.

Biodegradable collagen matrix (Ologen™) implant and conjunctival autograft for scleral necrosis after pterygium excision: two case reports.

Cho CH, Lee SB

BMC ophthalmology 2015; (15()):140 doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0130-z.

Anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of patients with anterior scleritis.

Levison AL, Lowder CY, Baynes KM, et al.

International ophthalmology 2016; (36(4)):499-508 doi:10.1007/s10792-015-0153-8.

Rituximab in the Treatment of Refractory Noninfectious Scleritis.

Cao JH, Oray M, Cocho L, Foster CS

American journal of ophthalmology 2016; (164()):22-8.

Surgical treatment of peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotizing scleritis in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Lu CW, Zhou DD, Wang J, Hao JL

Saudi medical journal 2016; (37(2)):205-7 doi:10.15537/smj.2016.2.13390.

Scleritis associated with relapsing polychondritis.

Sainz-de-la-Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2016; (100(9)):1290-4 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306902.

Multifocal Surgically Induced Necrotizing Scleritis Following Strabismus Surgery: A Case Report.

Akbari MR, Mohebbi M, Johari M, et al.

Strabismus 2016; (24(3)):101-5 doi:10.1080/09273972.2016.1205104.

Clinical Profile of Patients with Necrotizing Scleritis in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Southern India.

Dutta Majumder P, Ghose A, Chidambaram M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018; (26(3)):412-416 doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1223857.

A Rare Patient With Orbital Apex Syndrome, Anterior Uveitis, and Necrotizing Scleritis Due to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus.

Aydin E, Balikoglu-Yilmaz M, Imre SS, et al.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2016; (27(8)):e750-e752 doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000003098.

Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study (OASIS)-report 4: analysis and outcome of scleritis in an East Asian population.

Bin Ismail MA, Lim RHF, Fang HM, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2017; (7(1)):6 doi:10.1186/s12348-017-0124-5.

Pseudomonas Scleritis following Pterygium Excision.

Chaidaroon W, Supalaset S

Case reports in ophthalmology 2017; (8(2)):401-405 doi:10.1159/000478721.

[Scleritis and systemic diseases: What should know the internist?]

Bielefeld P, Saadoun D, Héron E, et al.

La Revue de medecine interne 2018; (39(9)):711-720 doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2018.02.001.

Scleral Patch Graft With a Suture Reinforcement Technique in Surgical Management of Necrotizing Scleritis With Ectasia.

Wen JC, Lam J, Banitt MR

Cornea 2018; (37(7)):933-935 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001598.

Combined Tenonplasty and Scleral Graft for Refractory Pseudomonas Scleritis Following Pterygium Removal with Mitomycin C Application.

Siatiri H, Mirzaee-Rad N, Aggarwal S, Kheirkhah A

Journal of ophthalmic & vision research 2018; (13(2)):200-202 doi:10.4103/jovr.jovr_122_16.

Scleromalacia perforans: a case report.

Ghauri MI, Riaz SU, Husain A, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2018; (12(1)):155 doi:10.1186/s13256-018-1686-z.

Clinical Features of Scleritis Across the Asia-Pacific Region.

Lane J, Nyugen E, Morrison J, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2019; (27(6)):920-926 doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1484496.

Isolation of acid from eye drop bottles being used by patients presenting with presumed scleritis.

Iyer G, Agarwal S, Srinivasan B, Narayanasamy A

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2018; (66(8)):1084-1087 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_82_18.

Dengue fever-associated necrotizing scleritis: A case report with long-term follow-up.

Kamoi K, Mochizuki M, Ohno-Matsui K

Medicine 2018; (97(32)):e11875 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011875.

Methotrexate for the treatment of noninfectious scleritis.

Sands DS, Chan SCY, Gottlieb CC

Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2018; (53(4)):349-353 doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.11.009.

An Uncommon Meridional Globe Rupture due to Blunt Eye Trauma.

Kumar K, Figurasin R, Kumar S, Waseem M

Case reports in emergency medicine 2018; (2018()):1808509 doi:10.1155/2018/1808509.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive scleritis: Clinical profile of patients from a tuberculosis-endemic region.

Majumder PD, Sudharshan S, George AE, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2018; (66(11)):1587-1591 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_777_18.

Clinical characteristics of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis in ENT practice: a comparative analysis.

Wojciechowska J, KręCicki T

Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale 2018; (38(6)):517-527 doi:10.14639/0392-100X-1776.

Transplantation of autologous perichondrium with amniotic membrane for progressive scleral necrosis.

Kim JT, Kim KW, Mun SK, et al.

The ocular surface 2019; (17(3)):571-577 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2019.05.004.

Clinical characteristics of scleritis patients with emphasized comparison of associated systemic diseases (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis).

Yoshida A, Watanabe M, Okubo A, Kawashima H

Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2019; (63(5)):417-424 doi:10.1007/s10384-019-00674-7.

Ocular complications and mortality in peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotising scleritis: The role of systemic immunosuppression.

Ogra S, Sims JL, McGhee CNJ, Niederer RL

Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2020; (48(4)):434-441 doi:10.1111/ceo.13709.

Treatment of Progressive Scleromalacia Perforans by Tectonic Enhancement With Lyophilized Equine Pericardium.

Droutsas K, Giachos I, Katsiampoula V, et al.

Cornea 2021; (40(5)):648-651 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002465.

Current Approach for the Diagnosis and Management of Noninfective Scleritis.

Dutta Majumder P, Agrawal R, McCluskey P, Biswas J

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020; (10(2)):212-223 doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000341.

The clinical and pathogenic spectrum of surgically-induced scleral necrosis: A review.

Ruiz-Lozano RE, Garza-Garza LA, Davila-Cavazos O, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2021; (66(4)):594-611 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.12.008.

Prognostic factors and epidemiology of adult open globe injuries from Western Sydney: a twelve-year review.

Ho H, Foo J, Li YC, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2021; (21(1)):173 doi:10.1186/s12886-021-01929-z.

Factors affecting the resolution of acute non-infectious anterior scleritis.

Abdel-Aty A, Kombo N

The British journal of ophthalmology 2022; (106(12)):1672-1677 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318808.

Infectious Scleritis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Yu J, Syed ZA, Rapuano CJ

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(8)):434-441 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000813.

Case Report: Subconjunctival Triamcinolone Acetate-associated Scleral Necrosis: Is It Really Obsolete?

Agarwal R, Bafna RK, Chetan C, Sharma N

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2021; (98(9)):1016-1020 doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001761.

A novel technique of full-thickness scleral debridement in fulminant necrotising infectious scleritis and its outcomes-a consecutive case series.

Karkhur S, Soni D, Sharma B

International ophthalmology 2022; (42(2)):581-592 doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02030-6.

Choroidal involvement in non-infectious posterior scleritis.

Vermeirsch S, Testi I, Pavesio C

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2021; (11(1)):41 doi:10.1186/s12348-021-00269-9.

Infective Necrotizing Scleritis After XEN Gel Stent With Mitomycin-C.

Kingston EJ, Zagora SL, Symes RJ, et al.

Journal of glaucoma 2022; (31(2)):129-132 doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000001959.

Optical coherence tomography versus ophthalmic examination findings in the management of anterior scleritis: A prospective study.

BenAbderrahim K

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2022; (45(1)):40-46 doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2021.07.009.

Monitoring therapy in anterior necrotizing scleritis with inflammation with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Vidal Oliver L, López Montero A, Gil Hernández I, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2021; 11206721211065564 doi:10.1177/11206721211065564.

Semilunar sign of cornea: A multimodal analysis of the posterior corneal opacity in non-infectious anterior scleritis.

Kumar DA, Agarwal A, Chandrasekar R, Chinnappan RM

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2022; (70(4)):1197-1202 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2073_21.

A Rare Case of Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis.

Nasr R, Balasubramanian P, Desiderio L, Abdelattif M

Cureus 2022; (14(5)):e24889 doi:10.7759/cureus.24889.

High risk and low prevalence diseases: Open globe injury.

Pelletier J, Koyfman A, Long B

The American journal of emergency medicine 2023; (64()):113-120 doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.11.036.

Effect of time to operative repair within twenty-four hours on visual acuity outcomes for open globe injuries.

Makhoul KG, Bitar RA, Armstrong GW, et al.

Eye (London, England) 2023; (37(11)):2351-2355 doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02350-6.

Clinical profile and management of granulomatosis with polyangiitis-associated scleritis from a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Mohanan-Earatt A, Biswas J

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(1)):146-152 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1411_22.

Etiology, Pathogens, Clinical Features and Treatment of Bacterial Scleritis.

Chen X, Lv X, Yang L, et al.

Seminars in ophthalmology 2023; (38(6)):521-528 doi:10.1080/08820538.2023.2177117.

Clinical Presentations, Management, and Factors Affecting Outcomes in Posterior Segment Open Globe Injuries: An Analysis of 2,360 Eyes.

Dave VP, Das AV, Nayak S, et al.

Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2023; (246(2)):150-157 doi:10.1159/000529680.

[Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Episcleritis and Scleritis].

Turgut F, Dingerkus V, Tappeiner C, Becker M

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2023; (240(5)):725-738 doi:10.1055/a-2022-0689.

Biomechanics of open-globe injury: a review.

Wang S, Li F, Jin S, et al.

Biomedical engineering online 2023; (22(1)):53 doi:10.1186/s12938-023-01117-8.

ANCA-associated scleritis: impact of ANCA on presentation, response to therapy and outcome.

Perray L, Nguyen Y, Clavel Refregiers G, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2024; (63(2)):329-337 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead252.

Necrotizing Scleritis: A Review.

Dutta Majumder P, Agarwal S, Shah M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(7)):1405-1419 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2206898.

Acute-onset surgically induced necrotizing scleritis after strabismus surgery.

Yu SN, Talsania SD

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2023; (27(5)):293-295 doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.07.003.

Scleromalacia perforans as an early manifestation of late-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a case-based review.

de Figueiredo LQ, de Andrade Lopes FO, Franco AS, et al.

Rheumatology international 2024; (44(6)):1165-1173 doi:10.1007/s00296-023-05494-0.

Potential Biomarkers for Noninfectious Scleritis Identified by Serum and Tear Fluid Proteomics.

Vergouwen DPC, Kolijn PM, de Hoog J, et al.

Ophthalmology science 2024; (4(1)):100407 doi:10.1016/j.xops.2023.100407.

Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis (SINS): Is it a standalone condition or a variant of necrotizing scleritis?

Magesan K, Dutta Majumder P, Agarwal M, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2024; (72(Suppl 4)):S592-S595 doi:10.4103/IJO.IJO_2724_23.

A Rare Presentation: Bilateral Necrotizing Scleritis in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

Narain S, Pyare R, Rath PD

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025; (33(1)):146-148 doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2347573.

Syphilitic scleritis and episcleritis: A review.

Shields MK, Furtado JM, Lake SR, Smith JR

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024; (13(3)):100073 doi:10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100073.

Case of isolated scleromalacia perforans with seropositivity for rheumatoid arthritis.

Hajizadeh S, O'Donnell C, Dore A

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(6)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-259863.

Autologous Pericranium Graft for Necrotizing Scleritis.

Copete S, Fagúndez-Vargas MA, López-Martínez F, et al.

Cornea 2024; (43(12)):1567-1569 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003643.

Infectious Scleritis - Clinical Characteristics, Causative Factors, and Treatment Outcomes in an Indian Population.

Agarwal M, Radosavljevic A, Anand AR, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025; (33(2)):250-262 doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2384534.

The Global Epidemiology of Scleritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cifuentes-González C, Mejía-Salgado G, Rojas-Carabali W, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (273()):13-32 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.01.019.

Sclerokeratitis and Secondary Glaucoma in Relapsing Polychondritis in a 30-Year-Old Asian Male Patient: A Case Report.

Flores LKC, Siazon RR

Cureus 2025; (17(2)):e79128 doi:10.7759/cureus.79128.

When the Nail Gun Goes Wrong: A Case of Penetrating Globe Injury.

Cesarz T, Thompson M, Barnett L, Gue S

Cureus 2025; (17(3)):e79894 doi:10.7759/cureus.79894.

Isolated ANCA-associated scleritis successfully treated with systemic rituximab; a case report and review of literature.

Tahavvori M, Fekri S, Hassanpour K, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2025; (25(1)):176 doi:10.1186/s12886-025-04027-6.

Incidence and Prevalence of Scleritis Subtypes and Associated Ocular Complications in the TriNetX Database.

Spangler MD, Marshall RF, Kirupaharan N, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (277()):365-374 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.05.028.

Spontaneous Descemet Membrane Detachment After Necrotizing Scleritis: A Case Report.

Margulies KS, Kiavash V, Syed ZA

Cornea 2026; (45(2)):239-242 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003930.

Infectious Scleritis Masquerading as Isolated Orbital Cellulitis: A Case Report.

AlHaqbani YJ, Makrami AM, Alzaher FN, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e85714 doi:10.7759/cureus.85714.

Chronic necrotizing sclerouveitis caused by Alternaria doliconidium.

Menean M, Nicolini N, Cimino L, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2026; (36(1)):NP16-NP18 doi:10.1177/11206721251369539.

Scleritis and associated systemic diseases: contribution of systemic examination, follow-up, and additional investigations.

Soubrier M, Vasseneix C, Jacquot R, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2025; (16(1)):7 doi:10.1186/s12348-025-00566-7.

Digital Ischemia as a Rare Initial Presentation of Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Positive Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Report.

Penaflor RK, Ong J, Phan M, Afroz S

Cureus 2026; (18(4)):e107593 doi:10.7759/cureus.107593.

Etiology, surgical management, and outcomes of patients with scleral thinning.

Sun N, Yuan H, Zhang H

The Journal of international medical research 2026; (54(7)):3000605261463434 doi:10.1177/03000605261463434.