Research & Literature

A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis.

Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2016; (15(4)):391-404.

Rituximab treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis in an institutional cohort.

Lee WJ, Lee ST, Byun JI, et al.

Neurology 2016; (86(18)):1683-91 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002635.

Tocilizumab in Autoimmune Encephalitis Refractory to Rituximab: An Institutional Cohort Study.

Lee WJ, Lee ST, Moon J, et al.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2016; (13(4)):824-832 doi:10.1007/s13311-016-0442-6.

Evaluation of Cognitive Deficits and Structural Hippocampal Damage in Encephalitis With Leucine-Rich, Glioma-Inactivated 1 Antibodies.

Finke C, Prüss H, Heine J, et al.

JAMA neurology 2017; (74(1)):50-59 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4226.

The Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Lee SK, Lee ST

Journal of epilepsy research 2016; (6(2)):45-50 doi:10.14581/jer.16010.

Improving the antibody-based evaluation of autoimmune encephalitis.

McCracken L, Zhang J, Greene M, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2017; (4(6)):e404 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000404.

An Update on the Treatment of Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Stingl C, Cardinale K, Van Mater H

Current treatment options in rheumatology 2018; (4(1)):14-28 doi:10.1007/s40674-018-0089-z.

[Autoimmune encephalitis. A review].

Collao-Parra JP, Romero-Urra C, Delgado-Derio C

Revista medica de Chile 2018; (146(3)):351-361 doi:10.4067/s0034-98872018000300351.

Electroclinical features of seizures associated with autoimmune encephalitis.

Steriade C, Moosa ANV, Hantus S, et al.

Seizure 2018; (60()):198-204 doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.06.021.

Plasma cell depletion with bortezomib in the treatment of refractory N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody encephalitis. Rational developments in neuroimmunological treatment.

Keddie S, Crisp SJ, Blackaby J, et al.

European journal of neurology 2018; (25(11)):1384-1388 doi:10.1111/ene.13759.

Detection Methods for Autoantibodies in Suspected Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Ricken G, Schwaiger C, De Simoni D, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2018; (9()):841 doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00841.

Tocilizumab treatment for new onset refractory status epilepticus.

Jun JS, Lee ST, Kim R, et al.

Annals of neurology 2018; (84(6)):940-945 doi:10.1002/ana.25374.

Management and prognostic markers in patients with autoimmune encephalitis requiring ICU treatment.

Schubert J, Brämer D, Huttner HB, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2019; (6(1)):e514 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000514.

Autoimmune Encephalitides.

Younger DS

Neurologic clinics 2019; (37(2)):359-381 doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2019.01.015.

Continuous EEG Findings in Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Moise AM, Karakis I, Herlopian A, et al.

Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society 2021; (38(2)):124-129 doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000654.

Subgroup comparison according to clinical phenotype and serostatus in autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter retrospective study.

Gastaldi M, Mariotto S, Giannoccaro MP, et al.

European journal of neurology 2020; (27(4)):633-643 doi:10.1111/ene.14139.

Utility of brain fluorodeoxyglucose PET in children with possible autoimmune encephalitis.

Aydos U, Arhan E, Akdemir ÜÖ, et al.

Nuclear medicine communications 2020; (41(8)):800-809 doi:10.1097/MNM.0000000000001222.

Acute Seizures in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: Risk Factors and Prognosis.

Gazioglu S, Yildirim A, Kokturk EG, et al.

The neurologist 2020; (25(5)):126-130 doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000288.

Neural Antibody Testing in Patients with Suspected Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Budhram A, Dubey D, Sechi E, et al.

Clinical chemistry 2020; (66(12)):1496-1509 doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvaa254.

CD8+ T-Lymphocyte-Driven Limbic Encephalitis Results in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Pitsch J, van Loo KMJ, Gallus M, et al.

Annals of neurology 2021; (89(4)):666-685 doi:10.1002/ana.26000.

CaV α2δ Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Novel Antibody and its Characteristics.

Lee ST, Lee BJ, Bae JY, et al.

Annals of neurology 2021; (89(4)):740-752 doi:10.1002/ana.26017.

Neural Antibody Testing for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Canadian Single-Centre Experience.

Budhram A, Mirian A, McFadden S, et al.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 2021; (48(6)):859-863 doi:10.1017/cjn.2021.23.

Clinical efficacy of plasma exchange in patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

Zhang Y, Huang HJ, Chen WB, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2021; (8(4)):763-773 doi:10.1002/acn3.51313.

Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed recommendations for symptomatic and long-term management.

Abboud H, Probasco J, Irani SR, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2021; doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325302.

Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management.

Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2021; (92(7)):757-768 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325300.

Seronegative limbic encephalitis manifesting as subacute amnestic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.

Ismail II, Alnaser F, Al-Hashel JY

Journal of medical case reports 2021; (15(1)):130 doi:10.1186/s13256-021-02742-4.

Bortezomib in anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate-Receptor (NMDA-R) encephalitis: A systematic review.

Dinoto A, Cheli M, Bratina A, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2021; (356()):577586 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577586.

Limitations of a Commercial Assay as Diagnostic Test of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Ruiz-García R, Muñoz-Sánchez G, Naranjo L, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2021; (12()):691536 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.691536.

Neurological and cognitive outcomes after antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis in children.

Gadian J, Eyre M, Konstantoulaki E, et al.

Developmental medicine and child neurology 2022; (64(5)):649-653 doi:10.1111/dmcn.15101.

Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Smets I, Titulaer MJ

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2022; (19(3)):823-831 doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01178-4.

Neuropsychological implication in possible antibody-negative limbic encephalitis: a clinical case report.

Lo Buono V, Bonanno L, Palmeri R, et al.

The Journal of international medical research 2022; (50(2)):3000605221078715 doi:10.1177/03000605221078715.

The safety and efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune encephalitis.

Lee ST, Lee HS, Lee WJ, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2022; (9(5)):610-621 doi:10.1002/acn3.51540.

Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes.

Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, et al.

Brain : a journal of neurology 2022; (145(10)):3509-3521 doi:10.1093/brain/awac166.

Epileptic phenotypes in autoimmune encephalitis: from acute symptomatic seizures to autoimmune-associated epilepsy.

Matricardi S, Casciato S, Bozzetti S, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2022; doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-329195.

Seronegative Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: A Case Report.

Aendole D, Lalkaka J, Jade J, Singhal B

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2022; (70(9)):11-12 doi:10.5005/japi-11001-0083.

Autoimmune Encephalitis Misdiagnosis in Adults.

Flanagan EP, Geschwind MD, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al.

JAMA neurology 2023; (80(1)):30-39 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4251.

Characterization and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the neurological intensive care unit: a retrospective study.

Qin N, Wang J, Wu X, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2023; (44(8)):2889-2895 doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06778-w.

Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis and mimics.

Dinoto A, Zara P, Mariotto S, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2023; (378()):578071 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071.

Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis: utility and pitfalls for antibody-negative disease.

Dalmau J, Graus F

The Lancet. Neurology 2023; (22(6)):529-540 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00083-2.

MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Gillon S, Chan M, Chen J, et al.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2023; (44(7)):799-806 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7907.

Optic neuritis associated with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.

Hah H, Lee Y, Lee HW, Jeon JY

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) 2023; (3(3)):94-96 doi:10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00024.

Mimics of Autoimmune Encephalitis: Validation of the 2016 Clinical Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria.

Van Steenhoven RW, de Vries JM, Bruijstens AL, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2023; (10(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200148.

Antibody-Negative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

Mojžišová H, Krýsl D, Hanzalová J, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2023; (10(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200170.

Electroencephalography in encephalopathy and encephalitis.

Morris H, Kaplan PW, Kane N

Practical neurology 2024; (24(1)):2-10 doi:10.1136/pn-2023-003798.

Status epilepticus in the ICU.

Rossetti AO, Claassen J, Gaspard N

Intensive care medicine 2024; (50(1)):1-16 doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07263-w.

Autonomic nervous system involvement in autoimmune encephalitis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Villagrán-García M, Farina A, Campetella L, et al.

Revue neurologique 2024; (180(1-2)):107-116 doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.001.

Outcome and Sequelae of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Kvam KA, Stahl JP, Chow FC, et al.

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2024; (20(1)):3-22 doi:10.3988/jcn.2023.0242.

Autoimmune and inflammatory neurological disorders in the intensive care unit.

Legouy C, Cervantes A, Sonneville R, Thakur KT

Current opinion in critical care 2024; (30(2)):142-150 doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000001139.

Quantitative brain 18F-FDG PET/CT analysis in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.

Roman SN, Sadaghiani MS, Diaz-Arias LA, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2024; (11(5)):1211-1223 doi:10.1002/acn3.52035.

Autoimmune central nervous system disorders: Antibody testing and its clinical utility.

Gilligan M, McGuigan C, McKeon A

Clinical biochemistry 2024; (126()):110746 doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2024.110746.

Suspected autoimmune encephalitis: A retrospective study of patients referred for therapeutic plasma exchange.

Crowe EP, Diaz-Arias LA, Habis R, et al.

Journal of clinical apheresis 2024; (39(3)):e22112 doi:10.1002/jca.22112.

Study on clinical features and factors related to long-term outcomes of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis.

Han B, Dai Y, Peng J, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2024; (11(5)):1325-1337 doi:10.1002/acn3.52049.

Unilateral cortical autoimmune encephalitis: A case series and comparison to late-onset Rasmussen's encephalitis.

Damman S, Sukpornchairak P, Ahituv A, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2024; (391()):578350 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578350.

Brazilian consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in the adult and pediatric populations.

Dutra LA, Silva PVC, Ferreira JHF, et al.

Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2024; (82(7)):1-15 doi:10.1055/s-0044-1788586.

Autoimmune Encephalitis: Insights Into Immune-Mediated Central Nervous System Injury.

Pai V, Kang H, Suthiphosuwan S, et al.

Korean journal of radiology 2024; (25(9)):807-823 doi:10.3348/kjr.2023.1307.

Long-term outcomes in antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.

Mangioris G, Orozco E, Dubey D, et al.

Journal of neurology 2024; (271(12)):7502-7515 doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12680-y.

Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Neuroimmunological Disease.

Shimizu F, Nakamori M

International journal of molecular sciences 2024; (25(19)) doi:10.3390/ijms251910625.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.

Heine J, Boeken OJ, Rekers S, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2025; (12(1)):e200343 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200343.

Differential diagnosis and comparison of diagnostic algorithms in children and adolescents with autoimmune encephalitis in Spain: a prospective cohort study and retrospective analysis.

Olivé-Cirera G, Fonseca E, Chen LW, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2025; (24(1)):54-64 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00443-5.

Machine learning for the early prediction of long-term cognitive outcome in autoimmune encephalitis.

Zhang Y, Shi X, Fan Z, et al.

Journal of psychosomatic research 2025; (190()):112051 doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112051.

Frequency, Clinical Features, and Imaging Comparisons of Seropositive versus Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis in a Tertiary Care Setting.

Madduluri B, Jabeen SA, Shaik RS, et al.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2025; (28(2)):196-204 doi:10.4103/aian.aian_718_24.

Clinical features and outcomes of paediatric probable antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis.

Kim HJ, Cha JH, Kim W, et al.

Developmental medicine and child neurology 2026; (68(4)):549-557 doi:10.1111/dmcn.16456.

Aseptic Encephalitis in an Immunocompetent Young Adult: A Case Report.

Saldaña Solano AJ, Carrillo Loza K, Benítez Valenzuela J, Rangel López E

Cureus 2025; (17(8)):e89821 doi:10.7759/cureus.89821.

Subjective psychiatric symptoms in post-acute autoimmune encephalitis: findings from the Australian autoimmune encephalitis consortium.

Ko KY, Kazzi C, Seery N, et al.

Journal of neurology 2025; (272(10)):665 doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13353-0.

Subjective neuropsychological deficits in autoimmune encephalitis: Patient-informant discrepancies and cognitive test outcomes.

Ko KY, Seery N, Kazzi C, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2025; (478()):123709 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2025.123709.

Atypical Presentation of Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis as Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Case Report.

Alalawi B, Beitar F, Alalawi S, Alhariri H

The American journal of case reports 2025; (26()):e949451 doi:10.12659/AJCR.949451.

Predicting epilepsy after new onset refractory status epilepticus due to autoimmune encephalitis: The DAME score.

Lattanzi S, Matricardi S, Vogrig A, et al.

Epilepsia 2026; (67(4)):1792-1801 doi:10.1002/epi.70081.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Features Associated With Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Di Cosmo L, Mulic-Al Bunni S, Goh Y, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2026; (13(2)):e200540 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200540.

Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.

Almweisheer S, Sangam K, Ismail O, Budhram A

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2026; (19()):17562864261429181 doi:10.1177/17562864261429181.

Fatal Rapidly Progressive Encephalopathy Mimicking Depression: A Diagnostic Dilemma of Suspected Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Tanaka Y

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105251 doi:10.7759/cureus.105251.

Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Fierro C, Laurienzo A, Cuzzone V

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105381 doi:10.7759/cureus.105381.

Autoimmune Encephalitis Masquerading As Acute Psychosis: A Cause of Delayed Treatment.

Sharma M, Rallabandi S, Sharma A, Kashyap R

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105852 doi:10.7759/cureus.105852.

Long-Term Outcomes in Antibody-Negative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Mohapatra P, Chandu M, Kumar P, et al.

Neurology. Clinical practice 2026; (16(2)):e200602 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200602.

Clinical implications of free triiodothyronine levels and diagnostic revisions in antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis.

Fang T, He X, Chen J, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1847846 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1847846.

Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review on Psychiatric Presentations.

Karabulut S, Uyaroğlu HO, Barçın E

Case reports in psychiatry 2026; (2026()):9618597 doi:10.1155/crps/9618597.

Relapse predictors and brain atrophy in antibody-positive and antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter cohort study.

Tang XH, Wang JX, Li H, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1879021 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1879021.