Research & Literature

Importation and domestic transmission of Shigella sonnei resistant to ciprofloxacin - United States, May 2014-February 2015.

Bowen A, Hurd J, Hoover C, et al.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2015; (64(12)):318-20.

Intercontinental dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study.

Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Ashton PM, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2015; (15(8)):913-21.

The type III secretion system apparatus determines the intracellular niche of bacterial pathogens.

Du J, Reeves AZ, Klein JA, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016; (113(17)):4794-9 doi:10.1073/pnas.1520699113.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in older adults: a case report and review of the literature.

Ko H, Maymani H, Rojas-Hernandez C

Journal of medical case reports 2016; (10()):175 doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0970-z.

Elevated Risk for Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Shigella Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men, United States, 2011-2015.

Bowen A, Grass J, Bicknese A, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2016; (22(9)):1613-6 doi:10.3201/eid2209.160624.

A review on Sero diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella species in Africa, Asia and South America, 2001-2014.

Kahsay AG, Muthupandian S

BMC research notes 2016; (9(1)):422 doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2236-7.

Update on: Shigella new serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance.

Muthuirulandi Sethuvel DP, Devanga Ragupathi NK, Anandan S, Veeraraghavan B

Letters in applied microbiology 2017; (64(1)):8-18 doi:10.1111/lam.12690.

Reactive Arthritis.

Schmitt SK

Infectious disease clinics of North America 2017; (31(2)):265-277 doi:10.1016/j.idc.2017.01.002.

How Do the Virulence Factors of Shigella Work Together to Cause Disease?

Mattock E, Blocker AJ

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2017; (7()):64 doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00064.

Escherichia coli Complications in Pediatric Critical Care.

Puentes SS, Dunstan M

Critical care nursing clinics of North America 2018; (30(1)):149-156 doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2017.10.013.

Shigellaflexneri Regulator SlyA Controls Bacterial Acid Resistance by Directly Activating the Glutamate Decarboxylation System.

Zhang B, Ran L, Wu M, et al.

Frontiers in microbiology 2018; (9()):2071 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02071.

Commentary: Campylobacter and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

Smith JL, Gunther NW

Foodborne pathogens and disease 2019; (16(2)):90-93 doi:10.1089/fpd.2018.2513.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

Cody EM, Dixon BP

Pediatric clinics of North America 2019; (66(1)):235-246 doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2018.09.011.

Clinical features, risk factors, and impact of antibiotic treatment of diarrhea caused by Shigella in children less than 5 years in Manhiça District, rural Mozambique.

Vubil D, Acácio S, Quintò L, et al.

Infection and drug resistance 2018; (11()):2095-2106 doi:10.2147/IDR.S177579.

Culture-positive shigellosis cases are epidemiologically different to culture-negative/PCR-positive cases.

Quinn E, Najjar Z, Huhtinen E, et al.

Australian and New Zealand journal of public health 2019; (43(1)):41-45 doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12844.

Burden and risk factors of Shigella sonnei shigellosis among children aged 0-59 months in hyperendemic communities in Israel.

Cohen D, Korin H, Bassal R, et al.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2019; (82()):117-123 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.031.

Evolving patterns of reactive arthritis.

Hayes KM, Hayes RJP, Turk MA, Pope JE

Clinical rheumatology 2019; (38(8)):2083-2088 doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04522-4.

Relation of childhood diarrheal morbidity with the type of tube well used and associated factors of Shigella sonnei diarrhea in rural Bangladesh site of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study.

Jahan Y, Moriyama M, Hossain S, et al.

Tropical medicine and health 2019; (47()):29 doi:10.1186/s41182-019-0158-5.

Radiographic dose-dependency study of loperamide effects on gastrointestinal motor function in the rat. Temporal relationship with nausea-like behavior.

Vera G, Girón R, Martín-Fontelles MI, Abalo R

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2019; (31(8)):e13621 doi:10.1111/nmo.13621.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome With Severe Neurologic Complications in an Adult.

Nasir A, Patel N, Prabakaran S, et al.

Federal practitioner : for the health care professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS 2019; (36(Suppl 4)):S36-S41.

Electrocardiographic changes in loperamide toxicity: Case report and review of literature.

Teigeler T, Stahura H, Alimohammad R, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2019; (30(11)):2618-2626 doi:10.1111/jce.14129.

Mechanisms of bacillary dysentery: lessons learnt from infant rabbits.

Yum LK, Agaisse H

Gut microbes 2020; (11(3)):597-602 doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1667726.

Disparities in Shigellosis Incidence by Census Tract Poverty, Crowding, and Race/Ethnicity in the United States, FoodNet, 2004-2014.

Libby T, Clogher P, Wilson E, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2020; (7(2)):ofaa030 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa030.

Feasibility of containing shigellosis in Hubei Province, China: a modelling study.

Rui J, Chen Q, Chen Q, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2020; (20(1)):643 doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05353-4.

Point-of-care multiplex-PCR enables germ identification in haemolytic uremic syndrome 94 h earlier than stool culture.

Llano López LH, Melonari P, Gehring S, et al.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2021; (40(3)):643-645 doi:10.1007/s10096-020-04060-x.

[Reactive arthritis - a disease almost forgotten?]

Märker-Hermann E

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2020; (145(24)):1786-1790 doi:10.1055/a-1036-9359.

The Shigella Type III Secretion System: An Overview from Top to Bottom.

Muthuramalingam M, Whittier SK, Picking WL, Picking WD

Microorganisms 2021; (9(2)) doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020451.

Reactive arthritis: a clinical review.

Jubber A, Moorthy A

The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 2021; (51(3)):288-297 doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2021.319.

Immunization of Rabbits with a Quadrivalent Shigella Bioconjugate Vaccine Induces Functional Antibodies Reactive with Shigella Isolates from Kenya.

Odundo EA, Weerts HP, Musila L, et al.

mSphere 2022; (7(3)):e0102021 doi:10.1128/msphere.01020-21.

Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis: A surveillance study among urban and rural children over 20 years in Bangladesh.

Nuzhat S, Das R, Das S, et al.

PloS one 2022; (17(11)):e0277574 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277574.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Shigella Species in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Salleh MZ, Nik Zuraina NMN, Hajissa K, et al.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (11(11)) doi:10.3390/antibiotics11111653.

Risk of Cardiac Lesion with Chronic and Acute Use of Loperamide-An Integrative Review.

Lammoglia BC, Hasselmann G, Pires-Oliveira M, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2022; (9(12)) doi:10.3390/jcdd9120431.

Increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella associated with MSM transmission in Barcelona, 2020-21: outbreak of XRD Shigella sonnei and dissemination of ESBL-producing Shigella flexneri.

Moreno-Mingorance A, Mir-Cros A, Goterris L, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2023; (78(4)):975-982 doi:10.1093/jac/dkad031.

Integrative structural analysis of the type III secretion system needle complex from Shigella flexneri.

Flacht L, Lunelli M, Kaszuba K, et al.

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 2023; (32(4)):e4595 doi:10.1002/pro.4595.

The changing epidemiology of shigellosis in Australia, 2001-2019.

Ibrahim AF, Glass K, Williamson DA, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2023; (17(3)):e0010450 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010450.

AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy.

Márquez-López A, Fanarraga ML

International journal of molecular sciences 2023; (24(13)) doi:10.3390/ijms241311227.

Case of Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Infection, United States.

Choi H, Navarathna DH, Harston BL, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2023; (29(8)):1708-1711 doi:10.3201/eid2908.230411.

Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Genetic Basis, Clinical Manifestations, and a Multidisciplinary Approach to Management.

Yerigeri K, Kadatane S, Mongan K, et al.

Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare 2023; (16()):2233-2249 doi:10.2147/JMDH.S245620.

A Review on the Antibiotic Resistance of Shigella Strains in Iran.

Shooraj M, Taheri M, Karimi-Yazdi M

Infectious disorders drug targets 2024; (24(1)):e110823219657 doi:10.2174/1871526523666230811093114.

Reactive arthritis: the convoluted history of Reiter's disease.

Buchanan WW, Kean WF, Rainsford KD, Kean CA

Inflammopharmacology 2024; (32(1)):93-99 doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01336-4.

Characterization of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical isolates of Shigella from patients in the southern region of Iran.

Shoja S, Ghasemi S, Dastranj M, et al.

European journal of medical research 2023; (28(1)):611 doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01570-0.

Eculizumab in severe Shiga toxin-mediated haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

Carroll M, Blake L, Sharma S

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(1)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-256524.

Risk Factors of Seizure in Childhood Shigellosis.

Mahyar A, Mahyar S, Oveisi S, et al.

Iranian journal of child neurology 2024; (18(2)):43-53 doi:10.22037/ijcn.v18i2.43652.

A Qualitative Evaluation of the Acceptability of Shigellosis Prevention Recommendations Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Burns-Lynch C, Garcia-Williams A, Besrat B, et al.

Sexually transmitted diseases 2024; (51(8)):534-539 doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001968.

Enteric Infection-Associated Reactive Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Shafiee D, Salpynov Z, Gusmanov A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(12)) doi:10.3390/jcm13123433.

Trends in shigellosis notifications in England, January 2016 to March 2023.

Charles H, Sinka K, Simms I, et al.

Epidemiology and infection 2024; (152()):e115 doi:10.1017/S0950268824001006.

"Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Resistance in Pediatric Shigella Isolates in Egypt".

Badr DF, Zaki MES, Elsayed AG, et al.

Biochemical genetics 2025; (63(5)):4651-4664 doi:10.1007/s10528-024-10943-x.

Impact of an intranasal L-DBF vaccine on the gut microbiota in young and elderly mice.

Lu T, Ericsson AC, Dietz ZK, et al.

Gut microbes 2024; (16(1)):2426619 doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2426619.

Genome and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Shigella clinical isolates in Fujian Province, Southeast China, 2005-2019.

Huang M, Zhang X, Luo C, et al.

Microbial genomics 2024; (10(11)) doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001325.

Increased Severity of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Infections in People Experiencing Homelessness.

Stefanovic A, Alam ME, Matic N, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2025; (80(2)):339-346 doi:10.1093/cid/ciae575.

Cluster of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei carrying blaCTX-M-15 in Los Angeles, California, 2023 to 2024.

Caldera JR, Shaw B, Uslan DZ, Yang S

American journal of infection control 2025; (53(4)):524-526 doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2024.12.005.

Sexually transmitted shigellosis.

Pirš M

Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2024; (33(4)):199-203.

Macrophages orchestrate elimination of Shigella from the intestinal epithelial cell niche via TLR-induced IL-12 and IFN-γ.

Eislmayr KD, Langner C, Liu FL, et al.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2025; doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633976.

Shigellosis in an Urban Slum in Kenya: Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance.

Ongadi BA, Aziz AB, Mbae CK, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2025; (12(2)):ofaf026 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf026.

In-Depth Genome-Based Analysis of Shigella spp. and Escherichia spp.: Resolving Ambiguities and Unveiling Phylogenetic Relationships.

Dif G, Djemouai N, Bouras N, Zitouni A

Current microbiology 2025; (82(4)):170 doi:10.1007/s00284-025-04158-5.

Dynamics of the gut microbiome in subjects challenged with Shigella sonnei 53G in a controlled human infection model.

Liechty Z, Baldwin A, Isidean S, et al.

mSphere 2025; (10(4)):e0090624 doi:10.1128/msphere.00906-24.

[Epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in China, 2005-2024].

Zhang YF, Liu FF, Song Y, et al.

Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 2025; (46(6)):942-950 doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250311-00153.

The role of gastrointestinal PCR in inflammatory bowel disease flares: A double-edged sword or a diagnostic breakthrough?

Goyal MK, Berinstein E, Dutta P, et al.

Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology 2026; (45(1)):5-14 doi:10.1007/s12664-025-01811-6.

Bacterial dysentery complicated with Crohn's disease: A case report.

Wang X, Ming W, Chen H, et al.

Medicine 2025; (104(33)):e43984 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000043984.

Shigellosis.

Hendrick J, Raqib R, Noor Z, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2025; (406(10511)):1508-1519 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01033-5.

Redefining Shiga toxin-induced human cell death as NLRP1- and gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis.

Ricci-Azevedo R, Sarkar B, Shivcharan S, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2026; (123(3)):e2510274123 doi:10.1073/pnas.2510274123.

Comparative evaluation of BD MAX™ Enteric Panels and Luminex NxTAG® GPP for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in clinical stool samples.

Guillem J, Albert E, Giménez E, et al.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2026; (114(4)):117267 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117267.

Emerging Ceftriaxone Resistance in Paediatric Shigella sonnei: A 10-Year Retrospective Study.

Skripai A, Katz A, Lellouche J, et al.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2026; (115(5)):1063-1069 doi:10.1111/apa.70449.

Bacteriophage Therapy Against Shigella spp.: A Precision Antimicrobial Strategy.

Scarlata GGM, Belančić A, Štimac D, et al.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (15(3)) doi:10.3390/antibiotics15030317.