Research & Literature

HASHIMOTO'S ENCEPHALOPATHY AS A RARE MANIFESTATION OF HYPOTHYROIDISM.

Pak KJ, Rahim U, Romano J, Lee D

The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society 2015; (167(3)):154.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Presenting with Chorea.

Sharan A, Sengupta S, Mukhopadhyay S, Ghosh B

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2015; (63(9)):83-4.

[Sarcoidosis : Renal manifestations].

Löffler C, Bergner R

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2017; (76(5)):398-407 doi:10.1007/s00393-017-0301-9.

Psychiatric Presentations Heralding Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Cases Reported in Literature.

Menon V, Subramanian K, Thamizh JS

Journal of neurosciences in rural practice 2017; (8(2)):261-267 doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_440_16.

Focal neurological presentation in Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking a vascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.

Alazzeh A, Jaroudi S, Gooch M, Peiris AN

BMJ case reports 2017; (2017()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-219933.

Hashimoto encephalopathy in pediatric patients: Homogeneity in clinical presentation and heterogeneity in antibody titers.

Lee J, Yu HJ, Lee J

Brain & development 2018; (40(1)):42-48 doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2017.07.008.

Plasmapheresis Responsive Rapid Onset Dementia with Predominantly Frontal Dysfunction in the Context of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy.

Endres D, Vry MS, Dykierek P, et al.

Frontiers in psychiatry 2017; (8()):212 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00212.

Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis Presenting with Fever and Confusion.

Liyanage CK, Munasinghe TMJ, Paramanantham A

Case reports in neurological medicine 2017; (2017()):3790741 doi:10.1155/2017/3790741.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy - presenting with epilepsia partialis continua and a frontal lobe lesion.

Rukmangadachar LA, Dandapat S, Bit-Ivan EN, Peng YY

Clinical case reports 2018; (6(1)):136-142 doi:10.1002/ccr3.1306.

A novel assessment and treatment approach to patients with Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Laycock K, Chaudhuri A, Fuller C, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2018; (2018()) doi:10.1530/EDM-17-0117.

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy with a peculiar CSF biomarker profile in an 89-year-old man.

Sipilä JOT, Rissanen E, Korpela J, Päivärinta M

Oxford medical case reports 2018; (2018(10)):omy073 doi:10.1093/omcr/omy073.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Presenting with Smoldering Limbic Encephalitis.

Nagano M, Kobayashi K, Yamada-Otani M, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019; (58(8)):1167-1172 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.1289-18.

SREAT presenting as decades of intractable seizures and isolated delusional episodes with clinical, laboratory, and EEG confirmation of treatment response.

Tjong E, Gardner R, Peng YY

SAGE open medical case reports 2019; (7()):2050313X19850051 doi:10.1177/2050313X19850051.

Serial brain MRI changes related to autoimmune pathophysiology in Hashimoto encephalopathy with anti-NAE antibodies: A case-series study.

Matsunaga A, Ikawa M, Kawamura Y, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2019; (406()):116453 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.116453.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Follow-up data from neuropsychology, lumbar puncture, and FDG-PET.

Lagström RMB, Østerbye NN, Henriksen OM, Høgh P

Clinical case reports 2019; (7(9)):1750-1753 doi:10.1002/ccr3.2367.

Sudden-onset Encephalopathy: Do not ignore the Possibility of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy.

Shariff EM

Neurology India 2020; (68(3)):681-683 doi:10.4103/0028-3886.289015.

Attempted Suicide in a Woman With Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Case Report.

Fatica JP, Hussain N, Khan A, Yadav S

Journal of psychiatric practice 2020; (26(5)):411-416 doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000496.

Patients with a relapsing course of steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis exhibit persistent intrathecal CD4+ T-cell activation.

Pfeuffer S, Ruck T, Rolfes L, et al.

European journal of neurology 2021; (28(4)):1284-1291 doi:10.1111/ene.14657.

Hashimoto Encephalopathy With Status Epilepticus.

Sliwinska A, Fumuso P, Stringer B, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(12)):e11857 doi:10.7759/cureus.11857.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Rare Cause of Seizure-like Activity.

Osman H, Panicker A, Nguyen P, Mitry M

Cureus 2021; (13(4)):e14626 doi:10.7759/cureus.14626.

Brain dysfunction and thyroid antibodies: autoimmune diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

Valencia-Sanchez C, Pittock SJ, Mead-Harvey C, et al.

Brain communications 2021; (3(2)):fcaa233 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa233.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy presented with mutism: a case report.

Das S, Reddy B

General psychiatry 2021; (34(3)):e100502 doi:10.1136/gpsych-2021-100502.

A Case of Euthyroid Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy With Subacute Dementia.

John R, Datta A, Ovallath S

Cureus 2021; (13(9)):e17689 doi:10.7759/cureus.17689.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy presenting as catatonia in a bipolar patient.

Tsai CH, Yu KT, Chan HY, Chan CH

Asian journal of psychiatry 2021; (66()):102895 doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102895.

Amino acid sequence homology between thyroid autoantigens and central nervous system proteins: Implications for the steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis.

Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Fallahi P, et al.

Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology 2021; (26()):100274 doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100274.

Challenges in corticosteroid dose regulation in a patient with autoimmune thyroid disease and neuropsychiatric syndrome: A running commentary.

Bidaki R, Saghafi F, Ahrari S, et al.

Clinical case reports 2021; (9(12)):e05081 doi:10.1002/ccr3.5081.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Masquerading as Rapidly Progressive Dementia and Extrapyramidal Failure.

Aladdin Y, Shirah B

Journal of neurosciences in rural practice 2022; (13(1)):101-104 doi:10.1055/s-0041-1741487.

Recognizing New-Onset Sleep Disorders in Autoimmune Encephalitis Often Prompt Earlier Diagnosis.

Ralls F, Cutchen L, Grigg-Damberger MM

Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society 2022; (39(5)):363-371 doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000820.

Akathisia superimposed to Hashimoto's encephalopathy in an old lady.

Isik AT, Kaya D, Altunkalem Seydi K

Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2022; (93(S1)):e2022120 doi:10.23750/abm.v93iS1.11828.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy with psychiatric presentation.

Singh A, Verma L

Industrial psychiatry journal 2022; (31(1)):162-164 doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_20.

Two PerPLEXing Cases of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Unresponsive to Steroid and Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy.

Karan A, Nuthulaganti SR, Zhang Y, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(7)):e26853 doi:10.7759/cureus.26853.

Hashimoto Encephalopathy of a Middle-Aged Man With Progressive Symptoms of Dementia.

Katagiri N, Ohta R, Yamane F, Sano C

Cureus 2022; (14(7)):e27518 doi:10.7759/cureus.27518.

Orthostatic Myoclonus as a Presentation of Hashimoto Encephalopathy.

Hwang H, Park J, Eun JI, et al.

Journal of movement disorders 2023; (16(1)):104-106 doi:10.14802/jmd.22146.

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy in autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Osmanlıoğlu Ş, Zerr I

Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2023; (57(2)):198-205 doi:10.5603/PJNNS.a2023.0005.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: Case Series and Literature Review.

Chaudhuri J, Mukherjee A, Chakravarty A

Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2023; (23(4)):167-175 doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01255-5.

Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis Masquerading Sepsis.

Estaris J, Bansil S, Nishimura Y

Cureus 2023; (15(5)):e38826 doi:10.7759/cureus.38826.

The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.

Vargas-Uricoechea H, Nogueira JP, Pinzón-Fernández MV, Schwarzstein D

Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (12(3)) doi:10.3390/antib12030048.

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis presenting as cortisone sensible psychosis with reversible leukoencephalopathy.

Runge K, Rauer S, Waibel E, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2023; (382()):578177 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578177.

Clinical presentations and treatment outcomes of Hashimoto encephalopathy at Siriraj Hospital - Thailand's largest national tertiary referral center.

Dumrikarnlert C, Thakolwiboon S, Senanarong V

BMC neurology 2023; (23(1)):334 doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03305-4.

The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: case based review.

Şorodoc V, Constantin M, Asaftei A, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1243787 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1243787.

Encephalopathy of Autoimmune Origin: Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy With Associated Thyroiditis.

Adithya-Sateesh B, Gousy N, Gogna G, et al.

AACE clinical case reports 2023; (9(6)):205-208 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2023.10.001.

Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Adults.

Hahn C, Budhram A, Alikhani K, et al.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 2024; 1-21 doi:10.1017/cjn.2024.16.

[Autoimmune encephalitis: psychiatric aspects].

Khannanova AN, Brylev LV, Prusova AA, et al.

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2024; (124(2)):20-27 doi:10.17116/jnevro202412402120.

Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis Presenting With Parkinsonism.

Hicham G, Naji Y, Hrouch W, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(3)):e56184 doi:10.7759/cureus.56184.

Cerebellar syndrome as the presenting feature of Hashimoto encephalopathy.

Choudhury C, Sahib A

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(5)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-256365.

Difficulties in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy-A Systematic and Critical Review.

Pempera N, Miedziaszczyk M, Lacka K

International journal of molecular sciences 2024; (25(13)) doi:10.3390/ijms25137101.

Hashimoto encephalopathy: a literature review and case report with comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation.

Schenck LA, McCracken HT, Andrasik F, Baughman BC

The Clinical neuropsychologist 2025; (39(4)):988-1007 doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2388905.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Thyroiditis: A Case Report.

Kayali L, Thiab G, Inam H, Nolte J

Cureus 2024; (16(7)):e65369 doi:10.7759/cureus.65369.

An Intriguing Case of Delirium: Recognizing Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis.

Surapaneni D, Sam N, Dasi SC, N B

Cureus 2024; (16(9)):e70447 doi:10.7759/cureus.70447.

A Challenging Diagnosis of Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis (SREAT) in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patient With Hashimoto Encephalopathy (HE): A Case Report.

Genidy R, Abbas A, Adi AAK, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(11)):e73262 doi:10.7759/cureus.73262.

When thyroid met brain: the enigma of steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis a case report.

Kotak P, Khurana K, Raut S, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2025; (16()):1504967 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1504967.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a rare case report of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with seizure.

Hidig MFO, Bashir AM, Hassan MS, et al.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2025; (87(1)):347-350 doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000002787.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: Clinical Features, Therapeutic Strategies, and Rehabilitation Approaches.

Manocchio N, Magro VM, Massaro L, et al.

Biomedicines 2025; (13(3)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines13030726.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Rare Clinical Diagnosis in a Male Pediatric Patient.

Herzig M, Fastag-Guttman E, Wu A

Cureus 2025; (17(3)):e79888 doi:10.7759/cureus.79888.

New onset steroid-responsive Hashimoto's encephalopathy in the older population: a scoping review.

Sy AJR, Anlacan VMM, Yu AB, Jamora RDG

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2025; (46(8)):3505-3523 doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08223-6.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy in psychiatric inpatients: neuropsychiatric morbidity, diagnostic challenges and treatment.

İlhan RS, Can KC, Şahiner ŞY, et al.

Frontiers in psychiatry 2025; (16()):1639179 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1639179.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy as a Cause of Persistent Myoclonic Jerks: A Report of a Unique Case.

Salama HA, Rastanawie H, Deif A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(10)):e94980 doi:10.7759/cureus.94980.

Behind the mask of relapsing bimodal encephalitis: herpesvirus 7 and Epstein-Barr virus associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a case report.

Xing Y, Wang J, Li X, Yin X

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1782631 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1782631.