Research & Literature

Clinical and Immunologic Investigations in Patients With Stiff-Person Spectrum Disorder.

Martinez-Hernandez E, Ariño H, McKeon A, et al.

JAMA neurology 2016; (73(6)):714-20 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0133.

Stiff Person Syndrome.

Saigal R, Goyal L, Yadav R, et al.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2015; (63(8)):81-2.

Gastrointestinal and Urologic Sphincter Dysfunction in Stiff Person Syndrome.

Dumitrascu OM, Tsimerinov EI, Lewis RA

Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease 2016; (18(2)):92-95 doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000143.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of rituximab in patients with stiff person syndrome.

Dalakas MC, Rakocevic G, Dambrosia JM, et al.

Annals of neurology 2017; (82(2)):271-277 doi:10.1002/ana.25002.

Anti-GAD antibody syndrome with concomitant cerebellar ataxia, stiff person syndrome, and limbic encephalitis.

Schaefer SM, Moeller JJ

Neurology. Clinical practice 2015; (5(6)):502-504 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000148.

Case report of a woman with anti amphiphysin positive stiff person syndrome.

Manhalter N, Györfi O, Boros E, et al.

Ideggyogyaszati szemle 2017; (70(5-6)):213-216 doi:10.18071/isz.70.0213.

Progressive Encephalomyelitis With Rigidity and Myoclonus Syndrome Presenting as Catatonia.

Witek N, Hebert C, Gera A, Comella C

Psychosomatics 2019; (60(1)):83-87 doi:10.1016/j.psym.2018.05.005.

Pragmatic Treatment of Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders.

Balint B, Meinck HM

Movement disorders clinical practice 2018; (5(4)):394-401 doi:10.1002/mdc3.12629.

Successful Treatment of Glycine-Receptor-Antibody-Mediated Progressive Encephalomyelitis with Rigidity and Myoclonus by Combining Steroids and Azathioprine.

Lee EJ, Kim K, Choi JY, Park KS

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2019; (15(4)):581-582 doi:10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.581.

The Stiff People: Two Rare Cases of Stiff-person Syndrome.

Siddiqui MZ, Tohid H, Brown R, Qazi S

Cureus 2017; (9(8)):e1602 doi:10.7759/cureus.1602.

Intranasal midazolam for treating acute respiratory crises in a woman with stiff person syndrome.

Cosentino G, Romano M, Algeri M, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2020; (7(4)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000715.

GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges.

Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J

Nature reviews. Neurology 2020; (16(7)):353-365 doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0359-x.

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory stiff-person syndrome: the UK experience.

Kass-Iliyya L, Snowden JA, Thorpe A, et al.

Journal of neurology 2021; (268(1)):265-275 doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10054-8.

Defining the Expanding Clinical Spectrum of Pediatric-Onset Stiff Person Syndrome.

Yeshokumar AK, Sun LR, Newsome SD

Pediatric neurology 2021; (114()):11-15 doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.007.

An Appraisal of Electrodiagnostic Studies in Stiff Person Syndrome.

Li Y, Thakore N

Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease 2020; (22(2)):84-89 doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000302.

Successful Treatment of Stiff Person Syndrome with Intrathecal Baclofen.

Geffen S, Chiang N

Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications 2019; (2()):1000016 doi:10.2340/20030711-1000016.

GAD65 autoimmunity after treatment with nivolumab: a multifocal presentation.

Maniscalco GT, Zekeridou A, Allegorico L, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2021; (42(10)):4289-4291 doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05312-0.

Stiff-person syndrome: an atypical presentation and a review of the literature.

Lin BC, Johal J, Sivakumar K, et al.

Hospital practice (1995) 2021; (49(5)):384-390 doi:10.1080/21548331.2021.1961456.

Autoimmune encephalitis: the first observational study from Iran.

Etemadifar M, Aghababaei A, Nouri H, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022; (43(2)):1239-1248 doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05400-1.

Quantitative Assessment of Response to Long-Term Treatment with Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Patients with Stiff Person Syndrome.

Bose S, Thompson JP, Sadalage G, et al.

Movement disorders clinical practice 2021; (8(6)):868-874 doi:10.1002/mdc3.13261.

Teaching Video NeuroImage: Hung-Up Reflex in Stiff Limb Syndrome.

López-Jiménez A, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez G, Guerra-Hiraldo JD, et al.

Neurology 2022; (99(8)):356 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200938.

[Stiff-Person Syndrome].

Matsui N, Tanaka K, Izumi Y

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 2023; (75(6)):749-754 doi:10.11477/mf.1416202410.

Updated consensus statement: Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders report of the AANEM ad hoc committee.

Tavee J, Brannagan TH, Lenihan MW, et al.

Muscle & nerve 2023; (68(4)):356-374 doi:10.1002/mus.27922.

Therapeutic plasma exchange in the management of stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders: a case series and review of the literature.

Mercure-Corriveau N, Roy S, Hu C, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2023; (16()):17562864231180736 doi:10.1177/17562864231180736.

Prevalence of non-neurological autoantibodies and related comorbidities in stiff person spectrum disorders.

Balshi A, Taylor E, Huang Y, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1289460 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1289460.

Case Report: Extraocular muscles paralysis associated with GAD65 antibody: a case series study.

Zhang H, Yue J, Lian C, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1256089 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256089.

Successful Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Glycine Receptor Antibody-Positive Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report

Celli SI, Nash R, Money KM, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2024; (11(2)):e200197 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200197.

[Stiff-person syndrome].

Zaharova VV, Ruina EA, Antipenko EA

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2024; (124(6)):139-144 doi:10.17116/jnevro2024124061139.

[Stiff-Person Syndrome: Results of the First Nationwide Survey in Japan].

Matsui N, Tanaka K, Izumi Y

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 2024; (76(8)):961-967 doi:10.11477/mf.1416202713.

Stiff-person syndrome and related disorders - diagnosis, mechanisms and therapies.

Dalakas MC

Nature reviews. Neurology 2024; (20(10)):587-601 doi:10.1038/s41582-024-01012-3.

[The difficulties with diagnostics of the stiff man syndrome].

Goncharova ZA, Markova EA

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2024; (124(10)):92-96 doi:10.17116/jnevro202412410192.

Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65: Related stiff person syndrome - A report of two cases and literature review.

Naoe EEL, Durano RR, De Roxas-Bernardino RC, Saranza G

SAGE open medical case reports 2025; (13()):2050313X251333676 doi:10.1177/2050313X251333676.

Core diagnostic features of stiff person syndrome: insights from a case-control study.

Roy S, Huang Y, Hu C, et al.

Journal of neurology 2025; (272(5)):377 doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13103-2.

Neurophysiological Testing to Diagnose Stiff-Person Spectrum Disorder.

Lizarraga KJ, Pavelekova P, Chen R, Hallett M

Movement disorders clinical practice 2026; (13(1)):299-302 doi:10.1002/mdc3.70194.

Reply to "Neurophysiological Testing to Diagnose Stiff-Person Spectrum Disorder".

Moura J, Rocchi L, Zandi M, et al.

Movement disorders clinical practice 2026; (13(1)):303-304 doi:10.1002/mdc3.70192.

Case Report: A case of influenza A infection-associated stiff person spectrum disorder with favorable outcome.

Liu X, Lei M, Tian M, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2025; (16()):1673538 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1673538.

Botulinum toxin as a potential adjunct therapy in stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders.

Roman SN, Koshorek JL, Taylor ER, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2025; (18()):17562864251377182 doi:10.1177/17562864251377182.

Stiff-person spectrum disorder induced by shingles: a case report.

Sakai S, Kyoya M, Kobayashi Y, et al.

BMJ neurology open 2025; (7(2)):e001344 doi:10.1136/bmjno-2025-001344.

Stiff-Person Syndrome with Anti-Amphiphysin Antibodies: A Paraneoplastic Phenomenon Revealing Breast Cancer in a 77-Year-Old Male.

Geyskens M, Roos DS, Konings IR, et al.

Case reports in neurology 2026; (18(1)):1-8 doi:10.1159/000549746.

Muscle Stiffness due to Neuromuscular Hyperexcitability.

Katirji B

Muscle & nerve 2026; doi:10.1002/mus.70271.

Occurrence and Mortality of Stiff Person Syndrome in Denmark.

Sørensen HT, Sørensen TT, Elser H, Horváth-Puhó E

Neuroepidemiology 2026; 1-6 doi:10.1159/000552837.

Comorbid autoimmune disease in stiff-person syndrome spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hu Y, Wen M, Wen L, et al.

Journal of neurology 2026; (273(8)).