Research & Literature

Pathophysiology of chronic venous disease.

Raffetto JD, Mannello F

International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2014; (33(3)):212-21.

Prevalence and risk factors of varicose veins among female hairdressers: a cross sectional study in north-east of Iran.

Ebrahimi H, Amanpour F, Bolbol Haghighi N

Journal of research in health sciences 2015; (15(2)):119-23.

Matrix Metalloproteinases as Regulators of Vein Structure and Function: Implications in Chronic Venous Disease.

MacColl E, Khalil RA

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2015; (355(3)):410-28 doi:10.1124/jpet.115.227330.

Outcomes associated with ablation compared to combined ablation and transilluminated powered phlebectomy in the treatment of venous varicosities.

Obi AT, Reames BN, Rook TJ, et al.

Phlebology 2016; (31(9)):618-24 doi:10.1177/0268355515604257.

Glue, steam and Clarivein--Best practice techniques and evidence.

Whiteley MS

Phlebology 2015; (30(2 Suppl)):24-8 doi:10.1177/0268355515591447.

Is there a continuing role for traditional surgery?

Coughlin PA, Berridge DC

Phlebology 2015; (30(2 Suppl)):29-35 doi:10.1177/0268355515589248.

Doppler ultrasound study and venous mapping in chronic venous insufficiency.

García Carriazo M, Gómez de las Heras C, Mármol Vázquez P, Ramos Solís MF

Radiologia 2016; (58(1)):7-15.

Comparison of Endovenous Laser and Radiofrequency Ablation in Treating Varicose Veins in the Same Patient.

Bozoglan O, Mese B, Eroglu E, et al.

Vascular and endovascular surgery 2016; (50(1)):47-51 doi:10.1177/1538574415625813.

Relationships between duplex findings and quality of life in long-term follow-up of patients treated for chronic venous disease.

Huang Y, Gloviczki P

Phlebology 2016; (31(1 Suppl)):88-98 doi:10.1177/0268355516630868.

[Epidemiology of chronic venous diseases].

Rabe E, Berboth G, Pannier F

Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2016; (166(9-10)):260-3 doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0465-y.

A randomized prospective long-term (>1 year) clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation to 980 nm laser ablation of the great saphenous vein.

Sydnor M, Mavropoulos J, Slobodnik N, et al.

Phlebology 2017; (32(6)):415-424 doi:10.1177/0268355516658592.

Clinical Role of the "Venous" Ultrasound to Identify Lower Extremity Pathology.

Aurshina A, Ascher E, Hingorani A, et al.

Annals of vascular surgery 2017; (38()):274-278 doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.05.113.

Reappraisal of the Utility of the Tilt-table in the Investigation of Venous Disease†.

Lattimer CR, Mendoza E

European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2016; (52(6)):854-861 doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.09.012.

Sudden death by rupture of a varicose vein: Case report and review of literature.

Aquila I, Sacco MA, Gratteri S, et al.

The Medico-legal journal 2017; (85(1)):47-50 doi:10.1177/0025817216678712.

VeClose trial 12-month outcomes of cyanoacrylate closure versus radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins.

Morrison N, Gibson K, Vasquez M, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2017; (5(3)):321-330 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.12.005.

Ultrasound for Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: Multidisciplinary Recommendations From the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference.

Needleman L, Cronan JJ, Lilly MP, et al.

Circulation 2018; (137(14)):1505-1515 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030687.

Haemorrhage from varicose veins and varicose ulceration: A systematic review.

Serra R, Ielapi N, Bevacqua E, et al.

International wound journal 2018; (15(5)):829-833 doi:10.1111/iwj.12934.

Clinical Features and Management of "Phlebitis-like Abnormal Reaction" After Cyanoacrylate Closure for the Treatment of Incompetent Saphenous Veins.

Park I, Jeong MH, Park CJ, et al.

Annals of vascular surgery 2019; (55()):239-245 doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2018.07.040.

The Discord Outcome Analysis (DOA) as a Reporting Standard at Three Months and Five Years in Randomised Varicose Vein Treatment Trials.

Kalodiki E, Azzam M, Schnatterbeck P, et al.

European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2019; (57(2)):267-274 doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.09.013.

Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology.

Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2019; (7(1)):17-28 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.10.002.

Optimal duration of compression stocking therapy following endovenous thermal ablation for great saphenous vein insufficiency: A meta-analysis.

Chou JH, Chen SY, Chen YT, et al.

International journal of surgery (London, England) 2019; (65()):113-119 doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.03.024.

Varicose Veins: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Raetz J, Wilson M, Collins K

American family physician 2019; (99(11)):682-688.

Fatal rooster attack.

Fronczek J, Byard RW

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2020; (16(1)):191-194 doi:10.1007/s12024-019-00159-6.

Venous Ulcers: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Bonkemeyer Millan S, Gan R, Townsend PE

American family physician 2019; (100(5)):298-305.

Frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions in patients after VenaSeal™ cyanoacrylate treatment of superficial venous insufficiency.

Gibson K, Minjarez R, Rinehardt E, Ferris B

Phlebology 2020; (35(5)):337-344 doi:10.1177/0268355519878618.

A scoping review on Chronic Venous Disease and the development of a Venous Leg Ulcer: The role of obesity and mobility.

Meulendijks AM, Franssen WMA, Schoonhoven L, Neumann HAM

Journal of tissue viability 2020; (29(3)):190-196 doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2019.10.002.

Resolution times of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis.

Kibrik P, Chait J, Arustamyan M, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2020; (8(6)):1021-1024 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.02.020.

The recommended goal in the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Clinical Guideline 168 for immediate referral of patients with bleeding varicose veins is not being achieved.

Cragg J, Nyamekye I

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021; (9(2)):377-382 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.06.018.

Possible Assessment of Calf Venous Pump Efficiency by Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach.

Niccolini G, Manuello A, Capone A, et al.

Frontiers in physiology 2020; (11()):1003 doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.01003.

Why Venous Leg Ulcers Have Difficulty Healing: Overview on Pathophysiology, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment.

Raffetto JD, Ligi D, Maniscalco R, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2020; (10(1)) doi:10.3390/jcm10010029.

Private payers' varicose vein policies are inaccurate, disparate, and not evidence based, which mandates a proposal for a reasonable and responsible policy for the treatment of venous disease.

Welch HJ, Schul MW, Monahan DL, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021; (9(3)):820-832 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.076.

Modified compression therapy in mixed arterial-venous leg ulcers: An integrative review.

Lim SLX, Chung RE, Holloway S, Harding KG

International wound journal 2021; (18(6)):822-842 doi:10.1111/iwj.13585.

Outcomes of Saphenous Vein Intervention in the Management of Superficial Venous Incompetence: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Gasior SA, O'Donnell JPM, Aherne TM, et al.

Annals of surgery 2022; (275(2)):e324-e333 doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004914.

Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective in the management of superficial venous insufficiency of the lower extremity.

Cartee TV, Wirth P, Greene A, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021; (9(4)):1031-1040 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03.020.

What's new in the 2020 update of the CEAP classification system of chronic venous disease?

Musil D

Vnitrni lekarstvi 2021; (67(3)):143-148.

Cutaneous findings in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.

Kılınç F, Akbaş A, Şener S, et al.

Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2022; (21(5)):2106-2112 doi:10.1111/jocd.14337.

Mechanisms of Lower Extremity Vein Dysfunction in Chronic Venous Disease and Implications in Management of Varicose Veins.

Raffetto JD, Khalil RA

Vessel plus 2021; (5()) doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2021.16.

Graduated compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in people without venous ulceration.

Knight Nee Shingler SL, Robertson L, Stewart M

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2021; (7()):CD008819 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008819.pub4.

Interventions for great saphenous vein incompetence.

Whing J, Nandhra S, Nesbitt C, Stansby G

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2021; (8()):CD005624 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005624.pub4.

A systematic review supporting the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Venous Forum, and the American Vein and Lymphatic Society guidelines on the management of varicose veins.

Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Urtecho M, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2022; (10(5)):1155-1171 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.08.011.

Compression Therapy Following Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Varicose Veins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ma F, Xu H, Zhang J, et al.

Annals of vascular surgery 2022; (80()):302-312 doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2021.09.035.

Shear Stress Alterations Activate BMP4/pSMAD5 Signaling and Induce Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition in Varicose Veins.

Chandran Latha K, Sreekumar A, Beena V, et al.

Cells 2021; (10(12)) doi:10.3390/cells10123563.

Chronic venous disease. Part 1: pathophysiology and clinical features.

Kumar P, Khan IA, Das A, Shah H

Clinical and experimental dermatology 2022; (47(7)):1228-1239 doi:10.1111/ced.15143.

Contribution of the Elastic Component and Venous Wall Arterialization in Patients with Venous Reflux.

Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2022; (12(2)) doi:10.3390/jpm12020260.

Current Best Practice in the Management of Varicose Veins.

Whiteley MS

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 2022; (15()):567-583 doi:10.2147/CCID.S294990.

[Superficial venous thrombosis, varicose veins, and chronic venous insufficiency: an update for clinical practice].

Stücker M

Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) 2022; (63(6)):612-618 doi:10.1007/s00108-022-01341-9.

Vein ablation is an effective treatment for patients with bleeding varicose veins.

Cardella J, Aurshina A, Sumpio B, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2022; (10(5)):1007-1011 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.03.015.

Strategies and challenges in treatment of varicose veins and venous insufficiency.

Gao RD, Qian SY, Wang HH, et al.

World journal of clinical cases 2022; (10(18)):5946-5956 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.5946.

Global impact and contributing factors in varicose vein disease development.

Aslam MR, Muhammad Asif H, Ahmad K, et al.

SAGE open medicine 2022; (10()):20503121221118992 doi:10.1177/20503121221118992.

Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremity: Doppler US Evaluation Protocols, Patterns, and Pitfalls.

Adler C, Mousa A, Rhee A, Patel MD

Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2022; (42(7)):2184-2200 doi:10.1148/rg.220057.

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Review.

Freund Y, Cohen-Aubart F, Bloom B

JAMA 2022; (328(13)):1336-1345 doi:10.1001/jama.2022.16815.

The 2022 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part I. Duplex Scanning and Treatment of Superficial Truncal Reflux: Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine and the International Union of Phlebology.

Gloviczki P, Lawrence PF, Wasan SM, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2023; (11(2)):231-261.e6 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.09.004.

Ultrasound Evaluation of Chronic Venous Insufficiency.

Zalaquett E, Gunabushanam G, Vallejos A, Dahiya N

Ultrasound quarterly 2023; (39(1)):2-9 doi:10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000634.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Lymphedema With Papillomatosis Cutis Lymphostatica, Hyperkeratosis, and Skin Ulcers: A Case Report.

Senanayake J, Chaudhari S, Haji Rahman R, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(2)):e35326 doi:10.7759/cureus.35326.

The Effect of Standard Compression Adjuvant with a Tailored Exercise Training Program on Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Treating Adults with Venous Leg Ulcer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Rerkasem A, Nantakool S, Kulprachakarn K, et al.

The international journal of lower extremity wounds 2026; (25(1)):65-73 doi:10.1177/15347346231172566.

Risk Factors for Bleeding Varicose Veins in Patients with Chronic Venous Disease.

Costa D, Ielapi N, Minici R, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2023; (59(6)) doi:10.3390/medicina59061034.

Value and limitations of postoperative duplex scans after endovenous thermal ablation.

Kibrik P, Ali AB, Chait J, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2024; (12(1)):101672 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.06.016.

Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate deep vein thrombosis: from mechanism to therapy.

Yao M, Ma J, Wu D, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1198952 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198952.

How to recognize pulmonary embolism in syncope patients: A simple rule.

Gianni F, Bonzi M, Jachetti A, et al.

European journal of internal medicine 2024; (121()):121-126 doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.036.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Lower Extremity Chronic Venous Disease.

, Rochon PJ, Reghunathan A, et al.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2023; (20(11S)):S481-S500 doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2023.08.011.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with varicose veins in Albania: a retrospective, single-centre analysis.

Mulita F, Dimopoulos P, Verras GI, et al.

Archives of medical sciences. Atherosclerotic diseases 2024; (9()):e41-e46 doi:10.5114/amsad/183653.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Evaluation and Medical Management.

Wasan S

Current cardiology reports 2024; (26(11)):1241-1247 doi:10.1007/s11886-024-02119-1.

Peripheral Venous Ultrasound.

Needleman L, Feld R

Radiologic clinics of North America 2025; (63(1)):165-178 doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2024.08.001.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Management.

Attaran RR, Babapour G, Mena-Hurtado C, Ochoa Chaar CI

Interventional cardiology clinics 2025; (14(2)):283-296 doi:10.1016/j.iccl.2024.11.013.

Ankle Brachial Index: Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians: WOCN Society Ankle Brachial Task Force.

Conyers Y, Lomauro C, Richmond A, et al.

Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society 2025; (52(4)):271-278 doi:10.1097/WON.0000000000001188.

Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Electrocoagulation of Pathological Perforating Veins in the Treatment of Advanced Chronic Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Extremities: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Zhou Z, Sun Z, Xu Z, et al.

Annals of vascular surgery 2025; (121()):673-681 doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2025.08.030.

Superficial Vein Thrombosis: A Review.

Piazza G, Krishnathasan D, Hamade N, et al.

JAMA 2025; (334(22)):2020-2030 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.15222.

Vitis vinifera seed extract reduces venous reflux time in patients with varicose veins: VICTORY randomized controlled trial.

Bae S, Kim H, Son NH, et al.

Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2026; (14(1)):102355 doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102355.

Dependencies of vein diameters and venous valve function on patient positioning during duplex ultrasound examination.

Diessner C, Weiss N, Werth S

VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2026; (55(4)):311-316 doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a001256.

The Effects of Home-Based Strengthening Calf Muscle Exercise Program with Graduated Compression Stockings on Disease Severity, Muscle and Joint Function, and Quality of Life Among People with Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Sisayanarane K, Chaiviboontham S, Pokpalagon P, et al.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (14(8)) doi:10.3390/healthcare14081045.

Clinical Spectrum of Hypersensitivity and Granulomatous Reactions to VenaSeal™ Cyanoacrylate Closure.

Shah MM, Fukaya E, Honari G, et al.

Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2026; 17103568261446233 doi:10.1177/17103568261446233.