Research & Literature

Optimal ultrasound criteria for defining the severity of vertebral artery in-stent restenosis.

Jia L, Hua Y, Li J, et al.

Ultrasound in medicine & biology 2015; (41(3)):775-80.

Bow hunter's syndrome revisited: 2 new cases and literature review of 124 cases.

Jost GF, Dailey AT

Neurosurgical focus 2015; (38(4)):E7 doi:10.3171/2015.1.FOCUS14791.

Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial.

Compter A, van der Worp HB, Schonewille WJ, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2015; (14(6)):606-14.

Rare Etiology of Bow Hunter's Syndrome and Systematic Review of Literature.

Rastogi V, Rawls A, Moore O, et al.

Journal of vascular and interventional neurology 2015; (8(3)):7-16.

Pediatric Homonymous Superior Quadrantanopia in the Presence of Acute Vertebral Artery Dissection.

Sorrentino D, Biehler JL, Warman R

Pediatric emergency care 2015; (31(12)):856-9 doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000632.

Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection: Posterior circulation stroke.

Deshmukh M, Wadhwa A, Rajdeo R

Journal of craniovertebral junction & spine 2015; (6(4)):206-8 doi:10.4103/0974-8237.167883.

Effect of Hemodynamics on Stroke Risk in Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Vertebrobasilar Occlusive Disease.

Amin-Hanjani S, Pandey DK, Rose-Finnell L, et al.

JAMA neurology 2016; (73(2)):178-85 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3772.

Computed Tomography Perfusion Improves Diagnostic Accuracy in Acute Posterior Circulation Stroke.

Sporns P, Schmidt R, Minnerup J, et al.

Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2016; (41(5-6)):242-7 doi:10.1159/000443618.

Non-traumatic vertebral artery dissection presenting with unilateral cervical pain, hemilateral vision problems and headache.

van der Mieren G, Mertens T, Somville FJ

Acta chirurgica Belgica 2016; (116(5)):319-321 doi:10.1080/00015458.2016.1171076.

Endovascular vs. medical therapy in symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a meta-analysis.

Feng H, Xie Y, Mei B, et al.

Journal of neurology 2017; (264(5)):829-838 doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8267-0.

e-NIHSS: an Expanded National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Weighted for Anterior and Posterior Circulation Strokes.

Olivato S, Nizzoli S, Cavazzuti M, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2016; (25(12)):2953-2957 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.011.

Stroke prevention.

Isabel C, Calvet D, Mas JL

Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2016; (45(12 Pt 2)):e457-e471 doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2016.10.009.

Clinical Outcomes of Posterior Versus Anterior Circulation Infarction With Low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Scores.

Kim JT, Park MS, Choi KH, et al.

Stroke 2017; (48(1)):55-62 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013432.

Cryptic Recanalization of Chronic Vertebral Artery Occlusion by Head Rotation.

Yagi K, Nakagawa H, Mure H, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2017; (26(4)):e60-e61 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.034.

Bow Hunter's Syndrome: Surgical Management (Video) and Review of the Literature.

Strickland BA, Pham MH, Bakhsheshian J, et al.

World neurosurgery 2017; (103()):953.e7-953.e12 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.101.

Diagnosis of DWI-negative acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis.

Edlow BL, Hurwitz S, Edlow JA

Neurology 2017; (89(3)):256-262 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004120.

Prediction of Recurrent Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack After Noncardiogenic Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke.

Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al.

Stroke 2017; (48(7)):1835-1841 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016285.

Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: A Review of the Literature.

Lima Neto AC, Bittar R, Gattas GS, et al.

International archives of otorhinolaryngology 2017; (21(3)):302-307 doi:10.1055/s-0036-1593448.

Rotational Vertebral Artery Dissection Secondary to Anomalous Entrance into Transverse Foramen.

Johnson SA, Ducruet AF, Bellotte JB, et al.

World neurosurgery 2017; (108()):998.e1-998.e5 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.086.

A Posterior Circulation Stroke Presenting with Isolated Truncal Ataxia.

Migliaccio D, Lindquist B

Cureus 2017; (9(9)):e1709 doi:10.7759/cureus.1709.

Extracranial and Intracranial Ultrasonographic Findings in Posterior Circulation Infarction.

Chi HY, Hsu CF, Chen AC, et al.

Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2018; (37(7)):1605-1610 doi:10.1002/jum.14501.

[Acute vestibular disorder in the elderly: stroke or peripheral vestibulopathy].

Zamergrad MV, Grachev SP, Gergova AA

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2018; (118(6. Vyp. 2)):46-49 doi:10.17116/jnevro201811806246.

A novel use of intratympanic dexamethasone for intractable posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: report of two cases.

Kelkar A, Johnson I

The Journal of laryngology and otology 2018; (132(12)):1147-1149 doi:10.1017/S0022215118002037.

Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a preplanned pooled individual patient data analysis.

Markus HS, Harshfield EL, Compter A, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2019; (18(7)):666-673 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30149-8.

Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke-a review part I: anatomy, aetiology and clinical presentations.

Sparaco M, Ciolli L, Zini A

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2019; (40(10)):1995-2006 doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03977-2.

Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy and Vertigo Caused by Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency.

Paik SW, Yang HJ, Seo YJ

Journal of audiology & otology 2020; (24(3)):157-160 doi:10.7874/jao.2019.00311.

[HINTS for diagnosing acute dizzy patients].

Grønlund C, Isenberg AL, Lindelof M, Djurhuus BD

Ugeskrift for laeger 2019; (181(48)).

Rotational vertebral artery syndrome treated via an anterior approach and selective decompression only.

Kang JH, Im SB, Jeong JH, Shin DS

Journal of cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery 2019; (21(3)):158-162 doi:10.7461/jcen.2019.21.3.158.

Posterior circulation stroke diagnosis using HINTS in patients presenting with acute vestibular syndrome: A systematic review.

Krishnan K, Bassilious K, Eriksen E, et al.

European stroke journal 2019; (4(3)):233-239 doi:10.1177/2396987319843701.

Cervical Vertebral Artery to Facial Branch External Carotid Artery Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Hendricks BK, Spetzler RF

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2020; (18(6)):E224-E225 doi:10.1093/ons/opaa028.

Can Emergency Physicians Accurately Rule Out a Central Cause of Vertigo Using the HINTS Examination? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Ohle R, Montpellier RA, Marchadier V, et al.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2020; (27(9)):887-896 doi:10.1111/acem.13960.

Incidence, risk, and treatment of binary restenosis after vertebral artery stenting.

Qiu Z, Liu J, Huang R, et al.

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2020; (96(2)):404-409 doi:10.1002/ccd.28906.

[Vestibular vertigo].

Antonenko LM, Parfenov VA

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2020; (120(6)):125-130 doi:10.17116/jnevro2020120061125.

Single-center series of boys with recurrent strokes and rotational vertebral arteriopathy.

Fox CK, Fullerton HJ, Hetts SW, et al.

Neurology 2020; (95(13)):e1830-e1834 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000010416.

What guides decision-making on intravenous thrombolysis in acute vestibular syndrome and suspected ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation?

Machner B, Choi JH, Neumann A, et al.

Journal of neurology 2021; (268(1)):249-264 doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10134-9.

Rotational vertebral artery occlusion ("bow hunter syndrome").

Schulz R, Donoso R, Weissman K

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2021; (30(6)):1440-1450 doi:10.1007/s00586-020-06680-5.

Intervention for symptomatic vertebrobasilar disease.

Bram R, See AP, Amin-Hanjani S

Journal of neurosurgical sciences 2021; (65(3)):327-347 doi:10.23736/S0390-5616.20.05093-6.

Validation of a Polish version of the Israeli Vertebrobasilar Stroke Scale - An attempt to more accurately assess posterior Stroke.

Wiśniewski A, Filipska K, Piec K, et al.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2021; (202()):106543 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106543.

Introducing Adam's Scale of Posterior Stroke (ASPOS): A Novel Validated Tool to Assess and Predict Posterior Circulation Strokes.

Wiśniewski A, Filipska K, Piec K, et al.

Brain sciences 2021; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/brainsci11040424.

Factors Predictive of Enlargement of Dissecting Aneurysms in the Vertebral Artery.

Horio Y, Ogata T, Abe H, et al.

World neurosurgery 2021; (151()):e935-e942 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.024.

Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO): a pictorial review of multimodal imaging findings.

Vásquez-Codina AY, Leguízamo-Isaza JM, Aborashed-Amador NF, et al.

Emergency radiology 2021; (28(6)):1205-1212 doi:10.1007/s10140-021-01965-8.

Stroke prevention in patients with arterial hypertension: Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Stroke Study Group.

Rodríguez-Yañez M, Gómez-Choco M, López-Cancio E, et al.

Neurologia 2021; (36(6)):462-471 doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.04.023.

Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Posterior Circulation Stroke in the Emergency Setting.

Hoyer C, Szabo K

Frontiers in neurology 2021; (12()):682827 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.682827.

Novel and Efficient Quantitative Posterior-Circulation-Structure-Based Scale via Noncontrast CT to Predict Ischemic Stroke Prognosis: A Retrospective Study.

Fang WH, Chen YC, Tsai MC, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2022; (12(2)) doi:10.3390/jpm12020138.

Basilar Artery Fenestration Versus Hypoglycemia-Induced Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: A Case Report.

Tee ZJ, Chen WC, Huang P

Acta neurologica Taiwanica 2022; (31(2)()):80-83.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for vertebral artery stenosis.

Xu R, Zhang X, Liu S, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2022; (5()):CD013692 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013692.pub2.

Treatment of posterior circulation stroke: Acute management and secondary prevention.

Markus HS, Michel P

International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2022; (17(7)):723-732 doi:10.1177/17474930221107500.

Bow hunter's syndrome successfully treated with a posterior surgical decompression approach: A case report and review of literature.

Orlandi N, Cavallieri F, Grisendi I, et al.

World journal of clinical cases 2022; (10(14)):4494-4501 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4494.

Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Modulation and Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture for Posterior Circulation Infarction Vertigo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Li B, Zhao Q, Du Y, et al.

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2022; (2022()):3740856 doi:10.1155/2022/3740856.

Duplex Ultrasonography for the Evaluation of Extracranial Vertebral Artery: A Prospective Comparison With Digital Subtraction Angiography.

Zhang J, Xing Y, Cui L

Frontiers in neurology 2022; (13()):814972 doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.814972.

Capturing nystagmus in the emergency room: posterior circulation stroke versus acute vestibular neuritis.

Nham B, Akdal G, Young AS, et al.

Journal of neurology 2023; (270(2)):632-641 doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11202-y.

Atypical presentation of rotational vertebral artery insufficiency: illustrative case.

Kantak PA, Priya S, Bathla G, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2021; (1(9)):CASE20169 doi:10.3171/CASE20169.

European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on pharmacological interventions for long-term secondary prevention after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack.

Dawson J, Béjot Y, Christensen LM, et al.

European stroke journal 2022; (7(3)):I-II doi:10.1177/23969873221100032.

Vertebral Artery Stenosis: A Narrative Review.

Burle VS, Panjwani A, Mandalaneni K, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(8)):e28068 doi:10.7759/cureus.28068.

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attack in posterior circulation ischemia: a case report.

Zhao Z, Qin J

The Journal of international medical research 2022; (50(12)):3000605221142361 doi:10.1177/03000605221142361.

Acute hemicranial pain accompanied with a pearl and string type dissection of intracranial vertebral artery: Consideration for the time when to finish the medical observation.

Jeon YS, Cho J, Park JJ, et al.

Medicine 2022; (101(49)):e32008 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032008.

Bow hunter's syndrome: temporary obstruction of blood flow in the affected vertebral artery during posterior occipitocervical fusion. Illustrative case.

Yokota T, Otani K, Handa J, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2022; (4(24)).

A systematic review and synthesis of global stroke guidelines on behalf of the World Stroke Organization.

Mead GE, Sposato LA, Sampaio Silva G, et al.

International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2023; (18(5)):499-531 doi:10.1177/17474930231156753.

Wide symptom variability of cerebellar infarction and comparison with pons infarction.

Brüning T, Beyrich T, Al-Khaled M

eNeurologicalSci 2023; (31()):100459 doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2023.100459.

Guidelines for reasonable and appropriate care in the emergency department 3 (GRACE-3): Acute dizziness and vertigo in the emergency department.

Edlow JA, Carpenter C, Akhter M, et al.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2023; (30(5)):442-486 doi:10.1111/acem.14728.

Case report: Medulla oblongata and cervical cord reperfusion injury after intracranial vertebral artery angioplasty and stenting.

Wang G, Zuo B, Jia J, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1097252 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1097252.

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery occlusion accompanied by hemorheology-documented increased blood viscosity: a case report.

Chen Y, Li Y, Zhan T

The Journal of international medical research 2023; (51(6)):3000605231169435 doi:10.1177/03000605231169435.

Bilateral Hunter's bow syndrome: a rare case diagnosed by dynamic digital subtraction angiography.

Wang J, Zheng H, Hu F

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2024; (45(1)):365-367 doi:10.1007/s10072-023-07098-9.

Pearls for the Emergency Clinician: Posterior Circulation Stroke.

Pelletier J, Koyfman A, Long B

The Journal of emergency medicine 2023; (65(5)):e414-e426 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.07.007.

Concordant GRADE-3 Truncal Ataxia and Ocular Laterodeviation in Acute Medullary Stroke.

Kattah JC

Audiology research 2023; (13(5)):767-778 doi:10.3390/audiolres13050068.

Severe Bilateral Vertebral Arterial Disease Masquerading as Vertigo.

Ahmed JA, Ahmed KA, Ahmed MH

Cureus 2023; (15(12)):e50410 doi:10.7759/cureus.50410.

Safety and efficacy of dynamic catheter-directed cerebral digital subtraction angiography for diagnosis of bowhunter syndrome spectrum disorders: A systematic review of the literature.

Choi JW, Qiao Y, Mehta TI, et al.

Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2026; (32(4)):1615-1626 doi:10.1177/15910199241236820.

Recognizing Posterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attacks Presenting as Episodic Isolated Dizziness.

Edlow JA, Bellolio F

Annals of emergency medicine 2024; (84(4)):428-438 doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.04.006.

Dynamic computed tomography angiography for noninvasive diagnosis of bow Hunter's syndrome: a case report.

Torre GS, Failla BB, Portela FSO, et al.

Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2024; (22()):eRC0582 doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2024RC0582.

A synovial cyst-induced vertebral artery dissection in bow hunter's stroke: illustrative case.

Yamashita M, Hayashi H, Kitamura K, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2024; (8(7)).

The Current Status of Endovascular Treatment for Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis in Japan: A Subanalysis of the Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy 4.

Fujiwara S, Ishii A, Ohta T, et al.

Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2024; (64(11)):387-394 doi:10.2176/jns-nmc.2024-0115.

Differentiating Vestibular Migraine and Posterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack in the Emergency Department: An Expert Practice Review.

Sharif S, Kotwal S, Edlow JA

The Journal of emergency medicine 2025; (68()):113-121 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.07.002.

Psychological interventions for improvement of symptoms of post-stroke depression - study protocol of the depression-intervention study for optimization of reconvalesence after stroke (DISCOVER).

Braadt L, Fischer S, Naumann M, et al.

Neurological research and practice 2024; (6(1)):61 doi:10.1186/s42466-024-00347-y.

Mobile health delivered physical activity after mild stroke or transient ischemic attack: Is it feasible and acceptable?

Thurston C, Humphries S, Bezuidenhout L, et al.

International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2025; (20(7)):801-811 doi:10.1177/17474930251315628.

Self-reported health status of patients with acute retinal ischemia and stroke related hemianopia.

Rimmele DL, Petersen EL, Schrage T, et al.

European stroke journal 2025; (10(3)):837-843 doi:10.1177/23969873251314715.

Signs and symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency secondary to atherosclerosis: a systematic review.

Moors C, Stapleton C

Journal of osteopathic medicine 2025; (125(11)):519-532 doi:10.1515/jom-2024-0203.

Involvement of Posterior Circulation Accounts for Higher Disability in Ischemic Strokes With NIHSS ≤3 But Not With NIHSS 4-5.

Giorelli M, Leone R, Altomare S, Digiovanni A

The neurologist 2025; (30(4)):196-203 doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000615.

Vertebral Artery Dissection Following High Velocity Low Amplitude Cervical Manipulation: A Case Report.

Szafran K, Zheng Y, Butensky F

Cureus 2025; (17(7)):e87689 doi:10.7759/cureus.87689.

Combining Coronal and Axial DWI for Accurate Diagnosis of Brainstem Ischemic Strokes: Volume-Based Correlation with Stroke Severity.

Alhaj Omar O, Yenigün M, Alchayah F, et al.

Brain sciences 2025; (15(8)) doi:10.3390/brainsci15080823.

A unique management strategy to bilateral vertebral artery occlusion following cervical trauma: illustrative case.

Calderón-Valero CE, Rivera-Rivera E, Pastrana-Ramírez E, Vicenty-Padilla JC

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2025; (10(11)).

Intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke due to vertebral artery dissection: A case report.

Luo H, Li S, Cao X, Liu B

Medicine 2025; (104(43)):e45581 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000045581.

Risk of Ischemic Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack in Patients Receiving Comprehensive Versus Noncomprehensive Diagnostic Workup: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hejazian SS, Shahjouei S, Sadr AV, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2025; (14(21)):e042175 doi:10.1161/JAHA.125.042175.

First episode of "probable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, spontaneously resolved": a comparative and follow-up study.

Acle-Cervera L, Carballo-Lahoz L, Esteban-Sánchez J, et al.

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2026; (283(3)):1617-1625 doi:10.1007/s00405-025-09830-x.

Report of Two Cases: Altered Mental Status and Anisocoria as Presenting Symptoms in Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion.

Ryu A, Chhabra K, George T, et al.

Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine 2025; (9(4)):369-372 doi:10.5811/cpcem.48350.

Stent angioplasty in patients with vertebral artery ostial stenosis: clinical and angiographic outcomes in 525 patients.

Hajiyev K, Khanafer A, von Gottberg P, et al.

Stroke and vascular neurology 2026; (11(4)):415-421 doi:10.1136/svn-2025-004651.

Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm Presenting as Vertebrobasilar Stroke in a Young Adult: Case Report of Flow-Diverter Stenting.

Angelica-Coronel M, Luque-Llano M, Nuñez-Bravo N, et al.

Neurology international 2025; (17(11)) doi:10.3390/neurolint17110187.

Accuracy of First-Line Tests for Posterior Circulation Stroke in the Emergency Department: A Scoping Review.

Huang W, Pieri M, Stanciu N, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(11)):e97592 doi:10.7759/cureus.97592.

Vertigo and dizziness due to vertebrobasilar TIA: a prospective study.

Neto ACL, Kim JS, Bernardo WM, Bittar RSM

Frontiers in stroke 2024; (3()):1429068 doi:10.3389/fstro.2024.1429068.

Rethinking Vertigo Evaluation in the Emergency Department: Why Diagnosing Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), Not With Early CT or MRI, Most Effectively Reduces Diagnostic Error.

Sakamoto S

Cureus 2026; (18(1)):e102040 doi:10.7759/cureus.102040.

Prevalence of signs and symptoms in posterior circulation ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sammali S, Caimano D, Poggesi A, et al.

Internal and emergency medicine 2026; (21(5)):1523-1530 doi:10.1007/s11739-026-04313-1.

Anatomic imaging: Angiography.

Duvvuri M, Raz E, Amans M

Handbook of clinical neurology 2026; (216()):303-315 doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-15736-3.00023-8.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for vertebral artery stenosis.

Zhang X, Cui S, Wang T, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2026; (4()):CD013692 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013692.pub3.

Siltation and tidal effects: a comprehensive, clinical, and didactic approach to reasoning about vertebrobasilar hypoflow conditions.

Neto ACL, Mezzalira R, Bittar RSM

Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology 2026; (92(4)):101822 doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2026.101822.

Proportions, trends, and outcomes of posterior circulation ischemic stroke in the United States.

Qureshi AI, Jayaraj Ranjini N, Cohen D, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2026; (17()):1776618 doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1776618.

Expanded National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and posterior circulation-specific stroke scales help address assessment blind spots in posterior circulation ischemic stroke.

Han Q, Han MH

Frontiers in neurology 2026; (17()):1812120 doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1812120.

External Carotid Artery-to-Vertebral Artery Bypass With Craniocervical Vertebral Artery Decompression for Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency.

Lazaro T, Shenoy VS, McGrath M, et al.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2026; doi:10.1227/ons.0000000000002090.

Imaging suspected posterior circulation stroke in the emergency department: a practical modality-based review.

Peng A, Mayeli M, Sison J, et al.

Emergency radiology 2026; doi:10.1007/s10140-026-02518-7.

The use of dynamic magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of rotational vertebral artery syndrome.

Cheronis C, Lin GL, Silverman A, et al.

Annals of the Child Neurology Society 2024; (2(4)):303-307 doi:10.1002/cns3.20091.

Postpartum Vertebral Artery Dissection After Neck Massage Resulting in a Right Cerebellar Infarct: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Bennani S, Atlassi Z, Akkari S, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(7)):e112847 doi:10.7759/cureus.112847.