Research & Literature

Steroid-induced glaucoma and childhood blindness.

Gupta S, Shah P, Grewal S, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2015; (99(11)):1454-6 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306557.

Topographic corneal changes in children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A report from Kathmandu, Nepal.

Gautam V, Chaudhary M, Sharma AK, et al.

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association 2015; (38(6)):461-5.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Kashmir: A temperate zone.

Sofi RA, Mufti A

International ophthalmology 2016; (36(6)):875-879 doi:10.1007/s10792-016-0213-8.

Effect of Allergic Diseases on Keratoconus Severity.

Naderan M, Rajabi MT, Zarrinbakhsh P, Bakhshi A

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2017; (25(3)):418-423 doi:10.3109/09273948.2016.1145697.

Impact of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis on School Children in Egypt.

Marey HM, Mandour SS, El Morsy OA, et al.

Seminars in ophthalmology 2017; (32(5)):543-549 doi:10.3109/08820538.2015.1123737.

Prevalence and associated factors of vernal keratoconjunctivitis among children in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia.

Hayilu D, Legesse K, Lakachew N, Asferaw M

BMC ophthalmology 2016; (16(1)):167 doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0345-7.

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Bozkurt B, Artac H, Ozdemir H, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018; (26(3)):435-439 doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1235714.

Vernal shield ulcers treated with frequently installed topical cyclosporine 0.05% eyedrops.

Westland T, Patryn EK, Nieuwendaal CP, et al.

International ophthalmology 2018; (38(1)):363-368 doi:10.1007/s10792-016-0424-z.

Supratarsal injection of triamcinolone for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children.

Costa AXD, Gomes JÁP, Marculino LGC, et al.

Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2017; (80(3)):186-188 doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20170045.

Allergic conjunctivitis: current concepts on pathogenesis and management.

Sacchetti M, Abicca I, Bruscolini A, et al.

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents 2018; (32(1 Suppl. 1)):49-60.

Recalcitrant Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis in Children: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Li J, Luo X, Ke H, Liang L

Pediatrics 2018; (141(Suppl 5)):S470-S474 doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2069.

Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis and its associated factors among children in Gambella town, southwest Ethiopia, June 2018.

Alemayehu AM, Yibekal BT, Fekadu SA

PloS one 2019; (14(4)):e0215528 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215528.

Steroid-induced glaucoma and blindness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Senthil S, Thakur M, Rao HL, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2020; (104(2)):265-269 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-313988.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: an update focused on clinical grading system.

Zicari AM, Capata G, Nebbioso M, et al.

Italian journal of pediatrics 2019; (45(1)):64 doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0656-4.

Pathogenesis and complications of chronic eye rubbing in ocular allergy.

Ben-Eli H, Erdinest N, Solomon A

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2019; (19(5)):526-534 doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000571.

Pattern of steroid misuse in vernal keratoconjunctivitis resulting in steroid induced glaucoma and visual disability in Indian rural population: An important public health problem in pediatric age group.

Sen P, Jain S, Mohan A, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2019; (67(10)):1650-1655 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2143_18.

Gonioscopy-assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy in a Pediatric Patient With Steroid-induced Glaucoma.

Hopen ML, Gallardo MJ, Grover D

Journal of glaucoma 2019; (28(10)):e156-e158 doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000001326.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of ocular allergy in Thai children.

Jongvanitpak R, Vichyanond P, Jirapongsananuruk O, et al.

Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology 2022; (40(4)):407-413 doi:10.12932/AP-160519-0564.

Corneal Microstructural Changes by Confocal Microscopy in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Patients Treated with Topical Cyclosporine.

Modugno RL, Scalora T, Bonaldo A, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2021; (29(7-8)):1599-1605 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1745243.

Ocular allergy test and biomarkers on the ocular surface: Clinical test for evaluating the ocular surface condition in allergic conjunctival diseases.

Shoji J

Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology 2020; (69(4)):496-504 doi:10.1016/j.alit.2020.05.003.

Adult vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Di Zazzo A, Bonini S, Fernandes M

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2020; (20(5)):501-506 doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000672.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Case of Anti-IgE Treatment with Short-Lasting Remission.

Gatta A, Della Valle L, Farinelli A, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2020; (11(2)):268-275 doi:10.1159/000508031.

Management of corneal complications in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A review.

Feizi S, Javadi MA, Alemzadeh-Ansari M, et al.

The ocular surface 2021; (19()):282-289 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.005.

Japanese guidelines for allergic conjunctival diseases 2020.

Miyazaki D, Takamura E, Uchio E, et al.

Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology 2020; (69(3)):346-355 doi:10.1016/j.alit.2020.03.005.

Efficacy of 2% Rebamipide Suspension for Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Clinical Comparison with Topical Immune Modulators Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus.

Malhotra C, Singh H, Jain AK, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(5)):1083-1091 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1867870.

Comparative efficacy of medical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children and young adults: a systematic review with network meta-analyses.

Rasmussen MLR, Schou MG, Bach-Holm D, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2022; (100(1)):35-44 doi:10.1111/aos.14858.

Health-related quality of life in children at the diagnosis of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Artesani MC, Esposito M, Sacchetti M, et al.

Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2021; (32(6)):1271-1277 doi:10.1111/pai.13520.

Association of Allergic Conjunctivitis With Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Their Parents.

Zhang SY, Li J, Liu R, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2021; (139(8)):830-837 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1708.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Caregivers of Children With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in a Tertiary Care Pediatric Hospital.

Wadhwani M, Kursange S, Chopra K, et al.

Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2021; (58(6)):390-395 doi:10.3928/01913913-20210426-02.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis and keratoconus.

Wajnsztajn D, Solomon A

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2021; (21(5)):507-514 doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000765.

Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives.

Chigbu DI, Labib BA

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (14(7)) doi:10.3390/ph14070658.

A Case of Shield Ulcer Due to Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Özkaya D, Usta G, Karaca U

Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology 2021; (20(4)):505-508.

Sensitization and Clinical Characteristics of Congolese Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Kinshasa.

Muamba Nkashama L, Kayembe Lubeji D, Mwanza Kasongo JC, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023; (31(1)):15-20 doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1976217.

Understanding Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Beyond Allergic Mechanisms.

Sacchetti M, Plateroti R, Bruscolini A, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (11(10)) doi:10.3390/life11101012.

Giant Papilla Prolapse from the Upper Tarsal Conjunctiva in a 3-year-old Child: A Case Presentation and a Brief Literature Review.

Kurtul BE, Koca S

Beyoglu eye journal 2021; (6(1)):70-73 doi:10.14744/bej.2021.65807.

Efficacy and Satisfaction of Cyclosporine 0.1% in Patients with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Salami E, Righetti G, Cavarzeran F, Leonardi A

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023; (31(9)):1870-1872 doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2103833.

Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia: Recommendations From the Management of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia Expert Working Group.

Mehta JS, Chen WL, Cheng ACK, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):882240 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.882240.

The effect of COVID-19 imposed lockdown on Italian children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Artesani MC, Esposito M, Sacchetti M, et al.

The World Allergy Organization journal 2022; (15(10)):100701 doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100701.

Practice patterns and opinions in the treatment of allergic eye disease: A survey among Indian ophthalmologists.

Priyadarshini SR, Das S

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(1)):80-85 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1360_22.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of childhood and adult onset Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in a tertiary care center during Covid pandemic: A prospective study.

Singh A, Rana J, Kataria S, et al.

Romanian journal of ophthalmology 2022; (66(4)):344-351 doi:10.22336/rjo.2022.61.

The association between keratoconus and allergic eye diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Seth I, Bulloch G, Vine M, et al.

Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2023; (51(4)):O1-O16 doi:10.1111/ceo.14215.

Characteristics of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Lhasa: A Single-Center, Observational Study.

Yang S, Zhang W, Qiong Da CR, Wu Y

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(5)):648-651 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2190804.

Corneal topometric indices and proclivity toward corneal ectasia in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Yilmaz YC, Ipek SC, Gobeka HH

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2024; (47(1)):103792 doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2023.01.010.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Current immunological and clinical evidence and the potential role of omalizumab.

Doan S, Papadopoulos NG, Lee JK, et al.

The World Allergy Organization journal 2023; (16(6)):100788 doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100788.

Surgical Treatment of Corneal Shield Ulcer in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.

Azizi S, Subhi Y, Rasmussen MLR

Journal of personalized medicine 2023; (13(7)) doi:10.3390/jpm13071092.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.

Bruschi G, Ghiglioni DG, Cozzi L, et al.

Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2023; (65(2)):277-329 doi:10.1007/s12016-023-08970-4.

Two cases of unilateral limbal Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in the same family: first case report.

Michieletto P, Sica A, Barbi E, Pensiero S

Frontiers in pediatrics 2023; (11()):1237760 doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1237760.

Management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Navigating a changing treatment landscape.

Ali A, Bielory L, Dotchin S, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2024; (69(2)):265-278 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.10.008.

Classification of Subtypes of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis by Cluster Analysis Based on Clinical Features.

Fujita H, Ueno T, Suzuki S, et al.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2023; (17()):3271-3279 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S431798.

A Patient-Centered Approach to Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): A Podcast.

Larsen AC, Rasmussen MLR

Ophthalmology and therapy 2024; (13(5)):1061-1069 doi:10.1007/s40123-024-00909-y.

Prevalence and risk factors of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis among a Ghanaian clinical cohort: A case-control study.

Kyei S, Nkansah M, Asiedu K, et al.

Health science reports 2024; (7(3)):e1957 doi:10.1002/hsr2.1957.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Immunopathological Insights and Therapeutic Applications of Immunomodulators.

Hehar NK, Chigbu DI

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(3)) doi:10.3390/life14030361.

A Case of Refractory Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Showing Improvement after the Administration of Upadacitinib for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.

Mima Y, Tsutsumi E, Ohtsuka T, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(12)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14121272.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in adults: a narrative review of prevalence, pathogenesis, and management.

Di Zazzo A, Zhu AY, Nischal K, Fung SSM

Frontiers in ophthalmology 2024; (4()):1328953 doi:10.3389/fopht.2024.1328953.

Topical Tacrolimus in Anterior Segment Disorders in Ophthalmology: A Review.

Alrashidi SH

Romanian journal of ophthalmology 2024; (68(2)):92-98 doi:10.22336/rjo.2024.19.

Health-related Quality of Life in Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Malaysia.

Khairil-Ridzwan KK, Lai YS, Fiona CLM, Shatriah I

Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO 2024; (38(5)):364-374 doi:10.3341/kjo.2024.0048.

Long-Term Observation of Prognostic Factors and Clinical Outcome of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Childhood.

Shimokawa A, Ikeda A, Harada K, et al.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2024; (18()):2339-2347 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S472826.

Seeing eye to eye: a modified Delphi method-based multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Ghiglioni DG, Bruschi G, Chiappini E, et al.

European journal of pediatrics 2024; (183(11)):5053-5061 doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05776-0.

Efficacy of Epinastine Eyelid Cream in Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Case Report.

Hashida N, Hirose R, Shiozaki D, Mamoto Y

Cureus 2024; (16(11)):e74268 doi:10.7759/cureus.74268.

Insights from 1096 clinical cases: pioneering a universal grading system for vernal keratoconjunctivitis management.

Chandrasekar A, Agarwal S, Chauhan G, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2025; (109(7)):735-741 doi:10.1136/bjo-2024-325762.

Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Children: A Review on Risk Factors.

Lacau S, Marin A, Bitrian E

Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2025; (41(6)):305-313 doi:10.1089/jop.2025.0024.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Impact on Children.

Gu SZ, Trief D

Eye & contact lens 2025; (51(7)):296-299 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000001181.

The psychological impact of vernal keratoconjunctivitis on families: An investigation on quality of life and psychological wellbeing.

Natali L, Cardi V, Cavarzeran F, Leonardi A

Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2025; (36(7)):e70141 doi:10.1111/pai.70141.

Shield ulcer in keratoconus in the absence of atopic or vernal kerato-conjunctivitis.

Niestrata M, Kohli S, Saleki M, Ashena Z

GMS ophthalmology cases 2025; (15()):Doc05 doi:10.3205/oc000253.

Surgical Management of Corneal Sequelae of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

Sharma S, Dandekar P, Nagpal V, et al.

Seminars in ophthalmology 2026; (41(1)):174-183 doi:10.1080/08820538.2025.2551061.

Risk Factors Associated With Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma in Patients With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in a North Indian Population: A Multicenter Study.

Dubey S, Shakya R, Pegu J, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(8)):e89972 doi:10.7759/cureus.89972.