Research & Literature

Guideline: vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072), S2k (excluding chronic mucocutaneous candidosis).

Mendling W, Brasch J, Cornely OA, et al.

Mycoses 2015; (58 Suppl 1()):1-15 doi:10.1111/myc.12292.

Miconazole nitrate vaginal suppository 1,200 mg versus oral fluconazole 150 mg in treating severe vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Fan S, Liu X, Liang Y

Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 2015; (80(2)):113-8 doi:10.1159/000371759.

Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review of the literature.

Dovnik A, Golle A, Novak D, et al.

Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2015; (24(1)):5-7 doi:10.15570/actaapa.2015.2.

Selecting anti-microbial treatment of aerobic vaginitis.

Donders GG, Ruban K, Bellen G

Current infectious disease reports 2015; (17(5)):477 doi:10.1007/s11908-015-0477-6.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy.

Aguin TJ, Sobel JD

Current infectious disease reports 2015; (17(6)):462 doi:10.1007/s11908-015-0462-0.

Non-albicans Candida Vulvovaginitis: Treatment Experience at a Tertiary Care Vaginitis Center.

Powell AM, Gracely E, Nyirjesy P

Journal of lower genital tract disease 2016; (20(1)):85-9 doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000126.

Effect of asymptomatic vaginal colonization with Candida albicans on pregnancy outcome.

Farr A, Kiss H, Holzer I, et al.

Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2015; (94(9)):989-96 doi:10.1111/aogs.12697.

Detection of Candida spp. in the vagina of a cohort of nulliparous pregnant women by culture and molecular methods: Is there an association between maternal vaginal and infant oral colonisation?

Payne MS, Cullinane M, Garland SM, et al.

The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2016; (56(2)):179-84 doi:10.1111/ajo.12409.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors.

Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves CT, et al.

Critical reviews in microbiology 2016; (42(6)):905-27 doi:10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805.

Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth.

Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, et al.

JAMA 2016; (315(1)):58-67 doi:10.1001/jama.2015.17844.

Screening for abnormal vaginal microflora by self-assessed vaginal pH does not enable detection of sexually transmitted infections in Ugandan women.

Donders GG, Donders F, Bellen G, et al.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2016; (85(2)):227-30.

Health-related quality of life as measured with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Zhu YX, Li T, Fan SR, et al.

Health and quality of life outcomes 2016; (14()):65 doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0470-2.

Is it possible to prevent recurrent vulvovaginitis? The role of Lactobacillus plantarum I1001 (CECT7504).

Palacios S, Espadaler J, Fernández-Moya JM, et al.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2016; (35(10)):1701-8 doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2715-8.

Vaginal Heparan Sulfate Linked to Neutrophil Dysfunction in the Acute Inflammatory Response Associated with Experimental Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Yano J, Noverr MC, Fidel PL

mBio 2017; (8(2)) doi:10.1128/mBio.00211-17.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A review of guideline recommendations.

Matheson A, Mazza D

The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2017; (57(2)):139-145 doi:10.1111/ajo.12592.

Aerobic vaginitis: no longer a stranger.

Donders GGG, Bellen G, Grinceviciene S, et al.

Research in microbiology 2017; (168(9-10)):845-858 doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.004.

Biofilms Formed by Isolates from Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Patients Are Heterogeneous and Insensitive to Fluconazole.

Sherry L, Kean R, McKloud E, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2017; (61(9)) doi:10.1128/AAC.01065-17.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Blostein F, Levin-Sparenberg E, Wagner J, Foxman B

Annals of epidemiology 2017; (27(9)):575-582.e3 doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.08.010.

Candidalysin Drives Epithelial Signaling, Neutrophil Recruitment, and Immunopathology at the Vaginal Mucosa.

Richardson JP, Willems HME, Moyes DL, et al.

Infection and immunity 2018; (86(2)) doi:10.1128/IAI.00645-17.

Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women.

Xie HY, Feng D, Wei DM, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017; (11()):CD010496 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010496.pub2.

NLRP3 inflammasome is a key player in human vulvovaginal disease caused by Candida albicans.

Roselletti E, Perito S, Gabrielli E, et al.

Scientific reports 2017; (7(1)):17877 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17649-8.

Processing of Candida albicans Ece1p Is Critical for Candidalysin Maturation and Fungal Virulence.

Richardson JP, Mogavero S, Moyes DL, et al.

mBio 2018; (9(1)) doi:10.1128/mBio.02178-17.

Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Paladine HL, Desai UA

American family physician 2018; (97(5)):321-329.

Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Women of Reproductive Age in Xi'an: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Zeng X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, et al.

BioMed research international 2018; (2018()):9703754 doi:10.1155/2018/9703754.

Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review.

Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, Rautemaa-Richardson R

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2018; (18(11)):e339-e347 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8.

Targeted point-of-care testing compared with syndromic management of urogenital infections in women (WISH): a cross-sectional screening and diagnostic accuracy study.

Verwijs MC, Agaba SK, Sumanyi JC, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2019; (19(6)):658-669 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30724-2.

Influence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis on quality of life issues.

Fukazawa EI, Witkin SS, Robial R, et al.

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2019; (300(3)):647-650 doi:10.1007/s00404-019-05228-3.

Noncandidal vaginitis: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management.

Neal CM, Kus LH, Eckert LO, Peipert JF

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2020; (222(2)):114-122 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.001.

Association of sexual function and psychological symptoms including depression, anxiety and stress in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

Moshfeghy Z, Tahari S, Janghorban R, et al.

Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 2020; (21(2)):90-96 doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2019.2019.0077.

Vulvovaginitis Caused by Candida Species Following Antibiotic Exposure.

Shukla A, Sobel JD

Current infectious disease reports 2019; (21(11)):44 doi:10.1007/s11908-019-0700-y.

Clinical Validation of the Aptima Bacterial Vaginosis and Aptima Candida/Trichomonas Vaginitis Assays: Results from a Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study.

Schwebke JR, Taylor SN, Ackerman R, et al.

Journal of clinical microbiology 2020; (58(2)) doi:10.1128/JCM.01643-19.

A Role for Yeast/Pseudohyphal Cells of Candida albicans in the Correlated Expression of NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducers in Women With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Roselletti E, Monari C, Sabbatini S, et al.

Frontiers in microbiology 2019; (10()):2669 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02669.

Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome of Women With Idiopathic Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Caused by Candida albicans.

Collins LM, Moore R, Sobel JD

Journal of lower genital tract disease 2020; (24(1)):48-52 doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000496.

Boric Acid, a Lewis Acid With Unique and Unusual Properties: Formulation Implications.

Lopalco A, Lopedota AA, Laquintana V, et al.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2020; (109(8)):2375-2386 doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.015.

Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of yeast from vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Shi Y, Zhu Y, Fan S, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2020; (20(1)):287 doi:10.1186/s12879-020-04985-w.

Oral fluconazole use in the first trimester and risk of congenital malformations: population based cohort study.

Zhu Y, Bateman BT, Gray KJ, et al.

BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2020; (369()):m1494 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1494.

Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush).

Denison HJ, Worswick J, Bond CM, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2020; (8()):CD002845 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002845.pub3.

Clotrimazole for Vulvovaginal Candidosis: More Than 45 Years of Clinical Experience.

Mendling W, Atef El Shazly M, Zhang L

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 2020; (13(10)) doi:10.3390/ph13100274.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing Compared With Cultures, Gram Stain, and Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Vaginitis.

Danby CS, Althouse AD, Hillier SL, Wiesenfeld HC

Journal of lower genital tract disease 2021; (25(1)):76-80 doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000576.

Frequency of Coinfection on the Vaginal Wet Preparation in the Emergency Department.

Elkins JM, Cantillo-Campos S, Sheele JM

Cureus 2020; (12(11)):e11566 doi:10.7759/cureus.11566.

Guideline: Vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072, level S2k).

Farr A, Effendy I, Frey Tirri B, et al.

Mycoses 2021; (64(6)):583-602 doi:10.1111/myc.13248.

Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles of Isolates from Women with Nonrecurrent and Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Rolo J, Faria-Gonçalves P, Barata T, et al.

Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) 2021; (27(8)):1087-1095 doi:10.1089/mdr.2020.0139.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis and current perspectives: new risk factors and laboratory diagnosis by using MALDI TOF for identifying species in primary infection and recurrence.

Pereira LC, Correia AF, da Silva ZDL, et al.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2021; (40(8)):1681-1693 doi:10.1007/s10096-021-04199-1.

Chronic recurrent vulvovaginitis is not only due to Candida.

Arechavala A, Negroni R, Santiso G, et al.

Revista iberoamericana de micologia 2021; (38(3)):132-137 doi:10.1016/j.riam.2021.03.002.

It Takes Two to Tango: How a Dysregulation of the Innate Immunity, Coupled With Candida Virulence, Triggers VVC Onset.

Ardizzoni A, Wheeler RT, Pericolini E

Frontiers in microbiology 2021; (12()):692491 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.692491.

Clinical Evaluation of a Self-Testing Kit for Vaginal Infection Diagnosis.

Shen CJ, Yang CY, Chen HY, et al.

Journal of healthcare engineering 2021; (2021()):4948954 doi:10.1155/2021/4948954.

Data on Safety of Intravaginal Boric Acid Use in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women: A Narrative Review.

Mittelstaedt R, Kretz A, Levine M, et al.

Sexually transmitted diseases 2021; (48(12)):e241-e247 doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001562.

Efficacy and safety of oral ibrexafungerp for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis: a global phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled superiority study (VANISH 306).

Sobel R, Nyirjesy P, Ghannoum MA, et al.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2022; (129(3)):412-420 doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16972.

Topical Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: An Expert Consensus.

Phillips NA, Bachmann G, Haefner H, et al.

Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) 2022; (3(1)):38-42 doi:10.1089/whr.2021.0065.

Correlation Analysis of Vaginal Microbiome Changes and Bacterial Vaginosis Plus Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Mixed Vaginitis Prognosis.

Xiao B, A D, Qin H, et al.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2022; (12()):860589 doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.860589.

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Review of the Evidence for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines.

Nyirjesy P, Brookhart C, Lazenby G, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022; (74(Suppl_2)):S162-S168 doi:10.1093/cid/ciab1057.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis and asymptomatic vaginal colonization in Portugal: Epidemiology, risk factors and antifungal pattern.

Fernandes Â, Azevedo N, Valente A, et al.

Medical mycology 2022; (60(5)) doi:10.1093/mmy/myac029.

Determining Susceptibility in Candida Vaginal Isolates.

Sobel JD, Akins R

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2022; (66(6)):e0236621 doi:10.1128/aac.02366-21.

Oteseconazole: First Approval.

Hoy SM

Drugs 2022; (82(9)):1017-1023 doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01734-y.

Quantitative system for diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Dermendzhiev T, Pehlivanov B, Petrova A, et al.

Journal de mycologie medicale 2022; (32(4)):101302 doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101302.

Prevalence, antifungal susceptibility and etiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Mushi MF, Olum R, Bongomin F

Medical mycology 2022; (60(7)) doi:10.1093/mmy/myac037.

Phase 3 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of oteseconazole in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and acute vulvovaginal candidiasis infections.

Martens MG, Maximos B, Degenhardt T, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2022; (227(6)):880.e1-880.e11 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.023.

Ibrexafungerp: A new triterpenoid antifungal.

Sucher AJ, Thai A, Tran C, et al.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2022; (79(24)):2208-2221 doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac256.

Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Neal CM, Martens MG

SAGE open medicine 2022; (10()):20503121221115201 doi:10.1177/20503121221115201.

Lived experience of medical management in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a qualitative study of an uncertain journey.

Bradfield Strydom M, Walpola RL, McMillan S, et al.

BMC women's health 2022; (22(1)):384 doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01973-x.

Compliance with the Updated BASHH Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Guidelines Improves Patient Outcomes.

Brown L, Chamula M, Weinberg S, et al.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (8(9)) doi:10.3390/jof8090924.

Infectious Vaginitis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Shroff S

The Medical clinics of North America 2023; (107(2)):299-315 doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.009.

Ibrexafungerp for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Design, Development and Place in Therapy.

Phillips NA, Rocktashel M, Merjanian L

Drug design, development and therapy 2023; (17()):363-367 doi:10.2147/DDDT.S339349.

A longitudinal study on fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans vaginal isolates.

Sobel JD, Sebastian S, Boikov DA

Mycoses 2023; (66(7)):563-565 doi:10.1111/myc.13582.

Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Appropriateness of Empirical Treatment of Trichomoniasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Women with Vaginitis.

Huang SH, Hsu HC, Lee TF, et al.

Microbiology spectrum 2023; (11(3)):e0016123 doi:10.1128/spectrum.00161-23.

The Role of Novel Antifungals in the Management of Candidiasis: A Clinical Perspective.

Ordaya EE, Clement J, Vergidis P

Mycopathologia 2023; (188(6)):937-948 doi:10.1007/s11046-023-00759-5.

Oteseconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of severe vulvovaginal candidiasis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, phase 3 trial.

Wang X, Chen L, Ruan H, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2024; (68(1)):e0077823 doi:10.1128/aac.00778-23.

Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Assessing the relationship between feminine/vaginal washes and other factors among Ghanaian women.

Otoo-Annan E, Senoo-Dogbey VE

BMC public health 2024; (24(1)):100 doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17668-x.

Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of vaginal Candida glabrata isolates in Namibia.

Dunaiski CM, Kock MM, Chan WY, et al.

Medical mycology 2024; (62(2)) doi:10.1093/mmy/myae009.

Efficacy and Safety of Oteseconazole in Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Sobel JD, Donders G, Degenhardt T, et al.

NEJM evidence 2022; (1(8)):EVIDoa2100055 doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2100055.

Recurrent Infectious Vaginitis: A Practical Approach for the Primary Care Clinician.

Yazdy GM, Mitchell C, Sobel JD, Tuddenham S

The Medical clinics of North America 2024; (108(2)):373-392 doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2023.08.017.

Candidiasis in Pregnancy: Relevant Aspects of the Pathology for the Mother and the Fetus and Therapeutic Strategies.

Messina A, Mariani A, Brandolisio R, et al.

Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2024; (9(5)) doi:10.3390/tropicalmed9050114.

Increasing rate of non-Candida albicans yeasts and fluconazole resistance in yeast isolates from women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in Leeds, United Kingdom.

Ratner JC, Wilson J, Roberts K, et al.

Sexually transmitted infections 2025; (101(1)):21-26 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2024-056186.

Rapid Molecular Diagnostics in Vulvovaginal Candidosis.

Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Papageorgiou D, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(20)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14202313.

Antifungal susceptibility testing and determination of local epidemiological cut-off values for Candida species isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Kroustali V, Kanioura L, Resoulai E, et al.

Microbiology spectrum 2025; (13(3)):e0248824 doi:10.1128/spectrum.02488-24.

Genital cutaneous candidiasis versus chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: distinct diseases, different populations.

Day T, Sobel JD

Clinical microbiology reviews 2025; (38(2)):e0002025 doi:10.1128/cmr.00020-25.

A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly oral ibrexafungerp to reduce the incidence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Goje O, Azie NE, Angulo DA, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2025; (233(6)):617.e1-617.e18 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.07.040.

A Comprehensive Overview of Candida albicans as the Leading Pathogen in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Srb N, Talapko J, Meštrović T, et al.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (11(9)) doi:10.3390/jof11090632.

Cytolytic Vaginosis in Women with Vaginitis: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Kömeç S, Tercan C, Ceylan AN, et al.

Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 2026; (91(3)):305-311 doi:10.1159/000548768.

The management of vulvovaginal candidiasis: the results of survey in Lviv, Ukraine.

Horodnycha O, Ryvak T, Nepyivoda O

Ceska a Slovenska farmacie : casopis Ceske farmaceuticke spolecnosti a Slovenske farmaceuticke spolecnosti 2025; (74(2)):1-6 doi:10.36290/csf.2025.022.

Probiotics for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in nonpregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Chen R, Qing W, Xu N, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2026; (234(6)):1604-1622 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2026.01.009.

Epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in China: a six-year retrospective single-center study from a tertiary obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Shanghai.

Chen Y, Lu L, Wang Q, et al.

Microbiology spectrum 2026; e0325125 doi:10.1128/spectrum.03251-25.

Comparing BD Affirm VPIII to Xpert Xpress MVP and BD MAX Vaginal Panel for the diagnosis of vaginal infections.

Cosentino LA, Petrina M, Zamborsky T, et al.

Microbiology spectrum 2026; (14(9)):e0235325 doi:10.1128/spectrum.02353-25.

Clinical utility of nucleic acid amplification testing for detection of sexually transmitted infections in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis identified by conventional versus molecular diagnoses.

Getman D, Seña AC, Nenninger A, Schwebke JR

Journal of clinical microbiology 2026; (64(9)):e0011726 doi:10.1128/jcm.00117-26.

Non-albicans Candida and rare yeasts in vulvovaginal candidiasis: pathogen attribution, antifungal resistance, persistence, and species-informed management.

Yan Z, Cui Y, Li Y, et al.

Frontiers in microbiology 2026; (17()):1944046 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1944046.

Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Therapy of Vulvovaginal Fungal Infections.

Frej-Mądrzak M, Jama-Kmiecik A, Górzyńska A, et al.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (15(9)) doi:10.3390/pathogens15090914.