Research & Literature

West Nile virus infection in children.

Barzon L, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, et al.

Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2015; (13(11)):1373-86 doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1083859.

Chronic West Nile virus infection in kea (Nestor notabilis).

Bakonyi T, Gajdon GK, Schwing R, et al.

Veterinary microbiology 2016; (183()):135-9.

West Nile Virus Retinopathy and Associations with Long Term Neurological and Neurocognitive Sequelae.

Hasbun R, Garcia MN, Kellaway J, et al.

PloS one 2016; (11(3)):e0148898 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148898.

West Nile infections in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.

Levi ME, Curtis DJ

Pediatric transplantation 2016; (20(6)):744-6 doi:10.1111/petr.12710.

West Nile Virus Infection.

Sejvar JJ

Microbiology spectrum 2016; (4(3)) doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0021-2016.

Neuropsychological Impact of West Nile Virus Infection: An Extensive Neuropsychiatric Assessment of 49 Cases in Canada.

Samaan Z, McDermid Vaz S, Bawor M, et al.

PloS one 2016; (11(6)):e0158364 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158364.

Waiting in the wings: The potential of mosquito transmitted flaviviruses to emerge.

Smith DR

Critical reviews in microbiology 2017; (43(4)):405-422 doi:10.1080/1040841X.2016.1230974.

A probable case of West Nile virus transfusion transmission.

Groves JA, Shafi H, Nomura JH, et al.

Transfusion 2017; (57(3pt2)):850-856 doi:10.1111/trf.14018.

Comparative Vector Competence of North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus for African and European Lineage 2 West Nile Viruses.

Romo H, Papa A, Kading R, et al.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2018; (98(6)):1863-1869 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0935.

Outcomes in Patients With Severe West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.

Hawkes MA, Carabenciov ID, Wijdicks EFM, Rabinstein AA

Critical care medicine 2018; (46(9)):e955-e958 doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003257.

The First Case Report of West Nile Virus-Induced Acute Flaccid Quadriplegia in Canada.

Al-Fifi YSY, Kadkhoda K, Drebot M, et al.

Case reports in infectious diseases 2018; (2018()):4361706 doi:10.1155/2018/4361706.

Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity.

Lustig Y, Sofer D, Bucris ED, Mendelson E

Frontiers in microbiology 2018; (9()):2421 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02421.

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North-Eastern Spain (Catalonia).

Busquets N, Laranjo-González M, Soler M, et al.

Transboundary and emerging diseases 2019; (66(2)):617-621 doi:10.1111/tbed.13086.

Delayed Diagnosis of West Nile Virus Infection in a Kidney Transplant Patient Due to Inaccuracies in Commonly Available Diagnostic Tests.

Zanoni F, Alfieri C, Moroni G, et al.

Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2020; (18(3)):385-389 doi:10.6002/ect.2018.0107.

Pediatric West Nile Virus-Associated Neuroinvasive Disease: A Review of the Literature.

Herring R, Desai N, Parnes M, Jarjour I

Pediatric neurology 2019; (92()):16-25 doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.07.019.

Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in a patient infected with West Nile virus.

Martinovic V, Kisic-Tepavcevic D, Kacar A, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2019; (32()):19-22 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.04.007.

West Nile Virus Associations in Wild Mammals: An Update.

Root JJ, Bosco-Lauth AM

Viruses 2019; (11(5)) doi:10.3390/v11050459.

Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Disease in an Elderly Patient with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with R-CHOP Therapy: A Case Report

Arslan B, Gündüz HM, Ünlü N, et al.

Balkan medical journal 2019; (36(5)):287-289 doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2019.2018.12.74.

Extraordinary increase in West Nile virus cases and first confirmed human Usutu virus infection in Hungary, 2018.

Nagy A, Mezei E, Nagy O, et al.

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 2019; (24(28)) doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.28.1900038.

Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Patients With Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.

Lenka A, Kamat A, Mittal SO

Movement disorders clinical practice 2019; (6(6)):426-433 doi:10.1002/mdc3.12806.

A high-throughput and multiplex microsphere immunoassay based on non-structural protein 1 can discriminate three flavivirus infections.

Tyson J, Tsai WY, Tsai JJ, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019; (13(8)):e0007649 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007649.

A case series of inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccination associated with positive West Nile virus blood donor screening nucleic acid tests.

Drews SJ, Makowski K, Wood H, et al.

Transfusion 2020; (60(5)):1097-1103 doi:10.1111/trf.15744.

Clinical Features of Four West Nile Virus Cases and Its Molecular Characterization from a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital.

Mammen S, Nair A, Kumar S, et al.

Case reports in infectious diseases 2020; (2020()):1315041 doi:10.1155/2020/1315041.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Secondary to West Nile Virus in New York City.

Beshai R, Bibawy D, Bibawy J

Case reports in infectious diseases 2020; (2020()):6501658 doi:10.1155/2020/6501658.

Modeling the West Nile virus transfusion transmission risk in a nonoutbreak country associated with traveling donors.

Kiely P, Seed CR, Hoad VC, et al.

Transfusion 2020; (60(11)):2611-2621 doi:10.1111/trf.16060.

Autochthonous West Nile virus infection outbreak in humans, Leipzig, Germany, August to September 2020.

Pietsch C, Michalski D, Münch J, et al.

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 2020; (25(46)) doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.46.2001786.

Management of West Nile Encephalitis: An Uncommon Complication of West Nile Virus.

Alli A, Ortiz JF, Atoot A, et al.

Cureus 2021; (13(2)):e13183 doi:10.7759/cureus.13183.

Acute transverse myelitis in West Nile Virus, a rare neurological presentation.

Jani C, Walker A, Al Omari O, et al.

IDCases 2021; (24()):e01104 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01104.

West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease With Atypical CSF Findings: A Case Report.

Simon D

The Neurohospitalist 2021; (11(4)):365-367 doi:10.1177/1941874421995375.

Initial Seronegative West Nile Virus Encephalitis in an Immunocompromised Child.

Collins-Sawaragi YC, Koletsi P, Donlevy EE, Drysdale SB

The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2022; (41(1)):60-61 doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000003312.

Rehabilitation Outcomes in Subjects with West Nile Neuro-Invasive Disease.

Patel K, Greenwald BD, Sabini RC

Brain sciences 2021; (11(10)) doi:10.3390/brainsci11101253.

Three case reports of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease: lessons from real-life clinical practice.

Falcinella C, Allegrini M, Gazzola L, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2021; (21(1)):1132 doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06827-9.

[Rare neurological manifestations of West Nile virus infection in an immunocompetent patient].

Bougossa R, Chelli J, Arfa S, et al.

La Revue de medecine interne 2022; (43(6)):381-384 doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2022.03.337.

West Nile virus in a patient with Good's syndrome.

Moen SO, Goodrich-Harris A, Stephenson EL, Flemmer MC

Oxford medical case reports 2022; (2022(8)):omac081 doi:10.1093/omcr/omac081.

Protocol of Detection of West Nile Virus in Clinical Samples.

Nwanosike H, Green FM, Murray KO, et al.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2023; (2585()):119-125 doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2760-0_12.

Development of Antibody-Based Therapeutics Against West Nile Virus in Plants.

Sun H, Lesio J, Chen Q

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2023; (2585()):211-225 doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2760-0_19.

Development of Toehold Switches as a Novel Ribodiagnostic Method for West Nile Virus.

Giakountis A, Stylianidou Z, Zaka A, et al.

Genes 2023; (14(1)) doi:10.3390/genes14010237.

A West Nile Virus infection expressed as unilateral limb paralysis and complicated by Parsonage-Turner syndrome: a case report.

Scarciglia A, Roncucci L, Benatti P

Journal of medical case reports 2023; (17(1)):54 doi:10.1186/s13256-023-03756-w.

Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection.

Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Ni D, et al.

Acta neuropathologica communications 2023; (11(1)):60 doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4.

Uncovering the neurological effects of West Nile virus during a record-breaking southern Spain outbreak in 2020-2021.

Hiraldo JDG, Fuerte-Hortigón A, Domínguez-Mayoral A, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2023; (383()):578179 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578179.

Reoccurrence of West Nile virus lineage 1 after 2-year decline: first equine outbreak in Campania region.

de Martinis C, Cardillo L, Pesce F, et al.

Frontiers in veterinary science 2023; (10()):1314738 doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1314738.

A Case of West Nile Encephalitis: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinico-Radiological Mismatch.

Mikhaiel JP, Mckenzie A, Saab L, Zubair AS

Cureus 2023; (15(11)):e49727 doi:10.7759/cureus.49727.

Outcome and Sequelae of Infectious Encephalitis.

Kvam KA, Stahl JP, Chow FC, et al.

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2024; (20(1)):23-36 doi:10.3988/jcn.2023.0240.

Concurrent Longitudinal Extensive Transverse Myelitis and Leptomeningitis in West Nile Virus: A Report of a Rare Case.

Joseph I, Vadlamuri D, Rivera Agosto IE, Ghasemi M

Cureus 2024; (16(2)):e53705 doi:10.7759/cureus.53705.

Clinical and Diagnostic Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in New York City.

Roberts JA, Kim CY, Dean A, et al.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (13(5)) doi:10.3390/pathogens13050382.

Infectious Encephalitis: A Persistent Clinical Challenge.

Azhar Munir AA, McCort M, Burack DA

The Medical clinics of North America 2025; (109(3)):567-585 doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2024.12.004.

West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.

Bruno L, Nappo MA, Frontoso R, et al.

Veterinary sciences 2025; (12(3)) doi:10.3390/vetsci12030288.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.

Nikolić N, Milošević B, Miloš S, et al.

Viruses 2025; (17(7)) doi:10.3390/v17070878.

From vectors to victims: understanding the threat of West Nile virus infection.

Gallo R, De Rosa RC, Durante-Mangoni E

European journal of internal medicine 2025; (139()):106449 doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2025.106449.

Risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease and mortality in the United States, 2013-2024.

Judson SD, Dowdy D

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2025; doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.25331933.

Diagnostic insights from the 2024 West Nile Virus outbreak in Israel: Emphasizing the utility of molecular testing over serology.

Indenbaum V, Kriger O, Mor Z, et al.

Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology 2025; (180()):105857 doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105857.

Flaviviruses proteases.

Zammarchi L, Chechi F, Spinicci M, Bartoloni A

The Enzymes 2025; (58()):251-278 doi:10.1016/bs.enz.2025.07.004.

Risk Factors for West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease and Mortality in the US, 2013-2024.

Judson SD, Dowdy D

JAMA network open 2025; (8(12)):e2548229 doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.48229.

West Nile Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Switzerland.

Lascano C, Groenendijk L, Bruno B, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2025; (31(12)):2289-2292 doi:10.3201/eid3112.250776.

Case Report: First case of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in Southwest Michigan in a patient on ixekizumab and prednisone.

Zou H, Elzalabany S, Kenyon I, Kelly M

Frontiers in medicine 2026; (13()):1744404 doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1744404.