Research & Literature

Diagnostic Algorithm for Patients With Suspected Giant Cell Arteritis.

El-Dairi MA, Chang L, Proia AD, et al.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2015; (35(3)):246-53 doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000234.

Disease Relapses among Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis: A Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Kermani TA, Warrington KJ, Cuthbertson D, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2015; (42(7)):1213-7 doi:10.3899/jrheum.141347.

Giant cell arteritis: a closer look at its ophthalmological manifestations.

Pinto Ferreira NG, Menezes Falcão L, Alves AT, Campos F

BMJ case reports 2015; (2015()).

Stepped care for depression and anxiety in visually impaired older adults: multicentre randomised controlled trial.

van der Aa HP, van Rens GH, Comijs HC, et al.

BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2015; (351()):h6127 doi:10.1136/bmj.h6127.

New developments in giant cell arteritis.

Frohman L, Wong AB, Matheos K, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2016; (61(4)):400-21.

Baseline clinical predictors of an ultimate giant cell arteritis diagnosis in patients referred to temporal artery biopsy.

Grossman C, Barshack I, Koren-Morag N, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2016; (35(7)):1817-22 doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3221-1.

Preserved Visual Acuity in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Secondary to Giant Cell (temporal) Arteritis.

Antonio-Santos AA, Murad-Kejbou SJ, Foroozan R, et al.

Journal of vascular and interventional neurology 2016; (8(5)):17-21.

Varicella zoster virus triggers the immunopathology of giant cell arteritis.

Gilden D, Nagel MA

Current opinion in rheumatology 2016; (28(4)):376-82 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000292.

Evaluating the Incidence of Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Other Causes of Vision Loss from Giant Cell Arteritis.

Chen JJ, Leavitt JA, Fang C, et al.

Ophthalmology 2016; (123(9)):1999-2003.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and the risk of subsequent aortic complications in giant-cell arteritis: A multicenter cohort of 130 patients.

de Boysson H, Liozon E, Lambert M, et al.

Medicine 2016; (95(26)):e3851 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003851.

Incidence of outcomes potentially associated with corticosteroid therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis.

Wilson JC, Sarsour K, Collinson N, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2017; (46(5)):650-656 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.10.001.

The Role of Ultrasound Compared to Biopsy of Temporal Arteries in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (TABUL): a diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study.

Luqmani R, Lee E, Singh S, et al.

Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 2016; (20(90)):1-238 doi:10.3310/hta20900.

Outcomes of the Veterans Affairs Low Vision Intervention Trial II (LOVIT II): A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Stelmack JA, Tang XC, Wei Y, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2017; (135(2)):96-104 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4742.

Serious adverse effects associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA): A nested case-control analysis.

Wilson JC, Sarsour K, Collinson N, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2017; (46(6)):819-827 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.11.006.

The Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Jivraj I, Tamhankar M

Current treatment options in neurology 2017; (19(1)):2 doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0440-y.

Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis.

Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2017; (377(4)):317-328 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1613849.

What is the impact of giant cell arteritis on patients' lives? A UK qualitative study.

Liddle J, Bartlam R, Mallen CD, et al.

BMJ open 2017; (7(8)):e017073 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017073.

Prognosis and monitoring of giant cell arteritis and associated complications.

Kermani TA, Warrington KJ

Expert review of clinical immunology 2018; (14(5)):379-388 doi:10.1080/1744666X.2018.1467758.

Primary Care Vasculitis: Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis.

Pioro MH

Primary care 2018; (45(2)):305-323 doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.007.

The clinical benefit of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis.

Berger CT, Sommer G, Aschwanden M, et al.

Swiss medical weekly 2018; (148()):w14661.

Combined bilateral ophthalmic artery occlusion & central retinal vein occlusion from presumed giant cell arteritis.

Hankins M, Amin S, Gonzalez A, Samy H

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2018; (12()):28-31 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.08.001.

Diagnostic performance of temporal artery ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

Rinagel M, Chatelus E, Jousse-Joulin S, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2019; (18(1)):56-61 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.07.012.

Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Observational, open-label multicenter study of 134 patients in clinical practice.

Calderón-Goercke M, Loricera J, Aldasoro V, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2019; (49(1)):126-135 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.003.

Glucocorticoid Dosages and Acute-Phase Reactant Levels at Giant Cell Arteritis Flare in a Randomized Trial of Tocilizumab.

Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2019; (71(8)):1329-1338 doi:10.1002/art.40876.

2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis.

Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020; (79(1)):19-30 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215672.

Two Cases of Segmental Disc Oedema and Normal Visual Acuity in Giant Cell Arteritis.

Donaldson L, Shemesh AA, Margolin E

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) 2019; (43(3)):201-204 doi:10.1080/01658107.2018.1490778.

[Lingual necrosis as a form of presentation of temporary arteritis].

Vázquez Pianzola ML, Banfi W, Laborde A, García Pellegrino R

Medicina 2019; (79(6)):509-512.

Vision-related and health-related quality of life in patients with giant cell arteritis.

Ní Mhéalóid Á, Conway R, O'Neill L, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2021; (31(2)):727-733 doi:10.1177/1120672120901693.

[Treatment of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica].

Horvath L, Hellmich B

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2020; (79(2)):175-185 doi:10.1007/s00393-020-00754-x.

Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis.

Serling-Boyd N, Stone JH

Current opinion in rheumatology 2020; (32(3)):201-207 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000700.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with ophthalmologic involvement in giant-cell arteritis: A case-control study.

Dumont A, Lecannuet A, Boutemy J, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020; (50(2)):335-341 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.09.008.

Giant Cell Arteritis: The Experience of Two Collaborative Referral Centers and an Overview of Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Advancements.

Dammacco R, Alessio G, Giancipoli E, et al.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2020; (14()):775-793 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S243203.

Giant cell arteritis with normal inflammatory markers: case report and review of the literature.

Martins P, Teixeira V, Teixeira FJ, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2020; (39(10)):3115-3125 doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05116-1.

Association Between Specimen Length and Number of Sections and Diagnostic Yield of Temporal Artery Biopsy for Giant Cell Arteritis.

Muratore F, Boiardi L, Cavazza A, et al.

Arthritis care & research 2021; (73(3)):402-408 doi:10.1002/acr.24393.

Vision Loss From Giant Cell Arteritis in Patients With Other Ocular Diagnoses.

Nichani P, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Micieli JA

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2021; (41(2)):e254-e258 doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001064.

Symptomatic aortitis at giant cell arteritis diagnosis: a prognostic factor of aortic event.

Espitia O, Blonz G, Urbanski G, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2021; (23(1)):14 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02396-5.

Prognostic impacts of glucocorticoid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.

Emamifar A, Ellingsen T, Hermann AP, et al.

Scientific reports 2021; (11(1)):6220 doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85857-4.

Arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: An update.

Bajpai V, Madan S, Beri S

European journal of ophthalmology 2021; (31(6)):2818-2827 doi:10.1177/11206721211009447.

Association Between Visual Impairment and Depression in Patients Attending Eye Clinics: A Meta-analysis.

Parravano M, Petri D, Maurutto E, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2021; (139(7)):753-761 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1557.

Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as Unilateral Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Mandura RA

Cureus 2021; (13(7)):e16653 doi:10.7759/cureus.16653.

Epidemiology of major relapse in giant cell arteritis: A study-level meta-analysis.

Aussedat M, Lobbes H, Samson M, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2022; (21(1)):102930 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102930.

Role of temporal artery resection in Horton's arteritis (Review).

Vrinceanu D, Dumitru M, Banica B, et al.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2021; (22(4)):1099 doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10533.

Role of the halo sign in the assessment of giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sebastian A, Coath F, Innes S, et al.

Rheumatology advances in practice 2021; (5(3)):rkab059 doi:10.1093/rap/rkab059.

Developing consensus-based referral criteria for low vision services in Australia.

Alam K, Connor H, Gentle A, Bentley SA

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2022; (42(1)):149-160 doi:10.1111/opo.12902.

Risk Factors for Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Large Scale Meta-Analysis.

Liu B, Yu Y, Liu W, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2021; (8()):618353 doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.618353.

Visual impairment and psychological distress among adults attending the University of Gondar tertiary eye care and training center, Northwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study.

Munaw MB, Tegegn MT

PloS one 2022; (17(2)):e0264113 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264113.

Ischemic ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis: A Canadian case series.

Issa M, Donaldson L, Jeeva-Patel T, Margolin E

Journal of the neurological sciences 2022; (436()):120222 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120222.

Vision loss in giant cell arteritis: case-based review.

Kokloni IN, Aligianni SI, Makri O, Daoussis D

Rheumatology international 2022; (42(10)):1855-1862 doi:10.1007/s00296-022-05160-x.

Incidence of giant cell arteritis in six districts of Paris, France (2015-2017).

Gonzalez Chiappe S, Lechtman S, Maldini CS, et al.

Rheumatology international 2022; (42(10)):1721-1728 doi:10.1007/s00296-022-05167-4.

2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR Classification Criteria for Giant Cell Arteritis.

Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2022; (74(12)):1881-1889 doi:10.1002/art.42325.

Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis by temporal artery biopsy is associated with biopsy length.

Ruediger C, Ninan J, Dyer K, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):1055178 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1055178.

Is Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Necessary for the Initial Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis?

Hansen MS, Klefter ON, Terslev L, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(3)) doi:10.3390/life13030693.

New-onset giant cell arteritis with lower ESR and CRP level carries a similar ischemic risk to other forms of the disease but has an excellent late prognosis: a case-control study.

Liozon E, Parreau S, Dumonteil S, et al.

Rheumatology international 2023; (43(7)):1323-1331 doi:10.1007/s00296-023-05299-1.

Incidence of giant cell arteritis mimicking non-arteritic anterior optic neuropathy.

Issa M, Donaldson L, Margolin E

Journal of the neurological sciences 2023; (449()):120661 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2023.120661.

Orbital magnetic resonance imaging of giant cell arteritis with ocular manifestations: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

Guggenberger KV, Pavlou A, Cao Q, et al.

European radiology 2023; (33(11)):7913-7922 doi:10.1007/s00330-023-09770-2.

EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update.

Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024; (83(6)):741-751 doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224543.

Temporal artery biopsy for suspected giant cell arteritis: A mini review.

Jiang Z, Ji H, Dong J

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(10)):3299-3304 doi:10.4103/IJO.IJO_3163_22.

Orbital MRI Findings in a Patient With Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): A Case Report.

Alhawiti S, AlSulaim T

Cureus 2023; (15(11)):e49507 doi:10.7759/cureus.49507.

Optimal length and usefulness of temporal artery biopsies in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a 10-year retrospective review of medical records.

Chu R, Foster C, Ali M, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2020; (2(12)):e774-e778 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30222-8.

Tocilizumab monotherapy after ultra-short glucocorticoid administration in giant cell arteritis: a single-arm, open-label, proof-of-concept study.

Christ L, Seitz L, Scholz G, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2021; (3(9)):e619-e626 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00152-1.

Halo sign on temporal artery ultrasound versus temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis.

Pouncey AL, Yeldham G, Magan T, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2024; (2()):CD013199 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013199.pub2.

Understanding healthcare communication in age-related macular degeneration care: A mixed-methods review of patients' perspectives.

Scheffer M, Menting J, Boeije H, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2024; (69(4)):646-660 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.03.002.

Large vessel giant cell arteritis.

van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Bley TA, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2024; (6(6)):e397-e408 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00300-4.

Giant Cell Arteritis.

Ness T, Nölle B

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2024; (241(5)):644-652 doi:10.1055/a-2252-3371.

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Giant-Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Kang MK, Hong Y, Kim YH, et al.

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2024; (20(3)):306-314 doi:10.3988/jcn.2023.0169.

[Recommendations for defining giant cell arteritis fast-track clinics].

Schmidt WA, Czihal M, Gernert M, et al.

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2024; (83(9)):762-765 doi:10.1007/s00393-024-01519-6.

Giant Cell Arteritis: Updates and Controversies.

Yu E, Chang JR

Frontiers in ophthalmology 2022; (2()):848861 doi:10.3389/fopht.2022.848861.

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Review of Current and Potential Future Pharmacotherapies.

Badla O, Badla BA, Almobayed A, et al.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (17(10)) doi:10.3390/ph17101281.

Management of Relapses in Giant Cell Arteritis.

Alba MA, Unizony S, Warrington KJ, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2025; (77(6)):632-645 doi:10.1002/art.43098.

Biopsy vs imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Viewpoint 1: in favour of imaging.

Schmidt WA

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(Supplement_1)):i71-i73 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae487.

Biopsy vs imaging for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Viewpoint 2: in favour of biopsy.

Espígol-Frigolé G, Prieto-González S, Marco-Hernández J, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(12 Suppl 2)):i74-i78 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae474.

Population-Based Performance of Inflammatory Markers in Giant Cell Arteritis.

Castillejo Becerra CM, Crowson CS, Langenfeld HE, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (275()):47-51 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.03.022.

Unilateral Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Revealing Giant Cell Arteritis: A Case Report.

Lazaar H, Moumni A, Aziz A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(3)):e80452 doi:10.7759/cureus.80452.

Low vision home therapy service by occupational therapists: The effectiveness of the Seniors' Eye Rehabilitation programme, a pilot study.

Tan Y, Sim Tan AC, Hui JHS, et al.

The British journal of occupational therapy 2023; (86(5)):359-366 doi:10.1177/03080226231153340.

Advances in diagnosing and treating giant cell arteritis: New hope for arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

von der Emde L, Petzinna SM, Herwig-Carl MC, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2025; doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2025.06.009.

Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Review.

Khoury JA, Albreiki D

Journal of ophthalmic & vision research 2025; (20()) doi:10.18502/jovr.v20.15248.

Giant cell arteritis: Diagnostic approach based on a retrospective study on 21 cases.

Tounsi H, Aouni J, Kharrat G, et al.

Vascular diseases (Paris, France) 2025; (50(2)):75-79 doi:10.1016/j.vasdi.2025.02.003.

Importance of Screening for Contrast Sensitivity, Falls, and Mobility Limitations in Older Adults With Maculopathy.

Agathos CP, Shanidze NM, Fletcher DC

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (280()):481-492 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.08.051.

Halo Sign on Temporal Artery Ultrasound Aids in Prompt Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Laszlofy L, Bardoczi A, Husvethova D, et al.

Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2025; (21(1)):100-105 doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1635.

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy as the main manifestation of giant cell arteritis: a case-based literature review.

Barankiewicz-Tyc N, Wąsik N, Majewski P, et al.

Reumatologia 2026; (64(1)):65-71 doi:10.5114/reum/207774.

French recommendations for the use of imaging in giant cell arteritis.

Espitia O, de Boysson H, Heron E, et al.

Joint bone spine 2026; (93(5)):106073 doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2026.106073.

Measurement of the impact of giant cell arteritis and treatment with glucocorticoids on health-related quality of life.

Barnes E, Beazer O, Ndosi M, et al.

Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease 2026; (18()):1759720X261462666 doi:10.1177/1759720X261462666.

Giant Cell Arteritis With Normal Inflammatory Markers and Progressive Visual Disturbance.

Kalyanasundaram Lakshmi S, Hassan U, Hettiarachchi P, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(7)):e111939 doi:10.7759/cureus.111939.