Research & Literature

Fever in a visitor to Canada: a case of mistaken identity.

Warren T, Lau R, Ralevski F, et al.

Journal of clinical microbiology 2015; (53(5)):1783-5 doi:10.1128/JCM.00269-15.

Utilization of a real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of Babesia microti infection in clinical practice.

Wang G, Wormser GP, Zhuge J, et al.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases 2015; (6(3)):376-82.

A case of severe babesiosis treated successfully with exchange transfusion.

Tanyel E, Guler N, Hokelek M, et al.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2015; (38()):83-5.

Apheresis for babesiosis: Therapeutic parasite reduction or removal of harmful toxins or both?

Saifee NH, Krause PJ, Wu Y

Journal of clinical apheresis 2016; (31(5)):454-8 doi:10.1002/jca.21429.

Persistence of babesiosis for >2 years in a patient on rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis.

Raffalli J, Wormser GP

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2016; (85(2)):231-2.

Infection with Babesia microti in humans with non-specific symptoms in North East Poland.

Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Swiecicka I, Dunaj J, et al.

Infectious diseases (London, England) 2016; (48(7)):537-43 doi:10.3109/23744235.2016.1164339.

Microscopic and Molecular Detection of Camel Piroplasmosis in Gadarif State, Sudan.

Ibrahim AM, Kadle AA, Nyingilili HS

Veterinary medicine international 2017; (2017()):9345231 doi:10.1155/2017/9345231.

Possible Transfusion-Transmitted Babesia divergens-like/MO-1 Infection in an Arkansas Patient.

Burgess MJ, Rosenbaum ER, Pritt BS, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017; (64(11)):1622-1625 doi:10.1093/cid/cix216.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with babesiosis.

Narurkar R, Mamorska-Dyga A, Nelson JC, Liu D

Biomarker research 2017; (5()):14 doi:10.1186/s40364-017-0095-6.

Clinical and Molecular Evidence of Atovaquone and Azithromycin Resistance in Relapsed Babesia microti Infection Associated With Rituximab and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Simon MS, Westblade LF, Dziedziech A, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017; (65(7)):1222-1225 doi:10.1093/cid/cix477.

Risk Factors for Severe Infection, Hospitalization, and Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Babesiosis.

Mareedu N, Schotthoefer AM, Tompkins J, et al.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2017; (97(4)):1218-1225 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0146.

First record of locally acquired human babesiosis in Canada caused by Babesia duncani: a case report.

Scott JD

SAGE open medical case reports 2017; (5()):2050313X17725645 doi:10.1177/2050313X17725645.

Congenital Babesiosis After Maternal Infection With Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti.

Saetre K, Godhwani N, Maria M, et al.

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2018; (7(1)):e1-e5 doi:10.1093/jpids/pix074.

Babesia microti infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an immunocompetent patient.

Go SA, Phuoc VH, Eichenberg SE, et al.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2017; (65()):72-74 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.09.026.

Tick-borne illness after transplantation: Case and review.

Mascarenhas TR, Silibovsky RS, Singh P, Belden KA

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society 2018; (20(2)):e12830 doi:10.1111/tid.12830.

Transfusion-transmitted and community-acquired babesiosis in New York, 2004 to 2015.

Linden JV, Prusinski MA, Crowder LA, et al.

Transfusion 2018; (58(3)):660-668 doi:10.1111/trf.14476.

A pilot serosurvey of Babesia microti in Chinese blood donors.

Bloch EM, Yang Y, He M, et al.

Vox sanguinis 2018; (113(4)):345-349 doi:10.1111/vox.12648.

Superior real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Babesia microti parasites in whole blood utilizing high-copy BMN antigens as amplification targets.

Grabias B, Clement J, Krause PJ, et al.

Transfusion 2018; (58(8)):1924-1932 doi:10.1111/trf.14642.

Investigating disease severity in an animal model of concurrent babesiosis and Lyme disease.

Bhanot P, Parveen N

International journal for parasitology 2019; (49(2)):145-151 doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.06.006.

Transfusion-Transmitted Babesiosis.

Villatoro T, Karp JK

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2019; (143(1)):130-134 doi:10.5858/arpa.2017-0250-RS.

High seroprevalence of Babesia antibodies among Borrelia burgdorferi-infected humans in Sweden.

Svensson J, Hunfeld KP, Persson KEM

Ticks and tick-borne diseases 2019; (10(1)):186-190 doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.10.007.

Establishment of a continuous in vitro culture of Babesia duncani in human erythrocytes reveals unusually high tolerance to recommended therapies.

Abraham A, Brasov I, Thekkiniath J, et al.

The Journal of biological chemistry 2018; (293(52)):19974-19981 doi:10.1074/jbc.AC118.005771.

Adjunctive treatment of clinically severe babesiosis with red blood cell exchange: a case series of nineteen patients.

Nixon CP, Park S, Nixon CE, et al.

Transfusion 2019; (59(8)):2629-2635 doi:10.1111/trf.15346.

Characteristics of transfusion-transmitted Babesia microti, American Red Cross 2010-2017.

Tonnetti L, Townsend RL, Dodd RY, Stramer SL

Transfusion 2019; (59(9)):2908-2912 doi:10.1111/trf.15425.

A Case of Babesiosis in a Pregnant Patient Treated with Red Blood Cell Exchange Transfusion.

Abittan B, Nizam A, Oey M, et al.

Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology 2019; (2019()):9869323 doi:10.1155/2019/9869323.

Persistence of Babesia microti Infection in Humans.

Bloch EM, Kumar S, Krause PJ

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2019; (8(3)) doi:10.3390/pathogens8030102.

Prevalence of Babesia in Canadian blood donors: June-October 2018.

Tonnetti L, O'Brien SF, Grégoire Y, et al.

Transfusion 2019; (59(10)):3171-3176 doi:10.1111/trf.15470.

Splenic infarction in babesiosis: A rare presentation.

Gupta A, Patel P, Manvar K, et al.

Clinical case reports 2019; (7(8)):1591-1595 doi:10.1002/ccr3.2301.

Repeat exchange transfusion for treatment of severe babesiosis.

Radcliffe C, Krause PJ, Grant M

Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 2019; (58(5)):638-640 doi:10.1016/j.transci.2019.07.010.

Management strategies for human babesiosis.

Smith RP, Hunfeld KP, Krause PJ

Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2020; (18(7)):625-636 doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1752193.

Clofazimine, a Promising Drug for the Treatment of Babesia microti Infection in Severely Immunocompromised Hosts.

Tuvshintulga B, Vannier E, Tayebwa DS, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2020; (222(6)):1027-1036 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa195.

A Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Test for Diagnosing Babesiosis.

Shah JS, Mark O, Caoili E, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2020; (10(6)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics10060377.

Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Evans Syndrome with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis.

Matsuoka N, Watanabe H, Kurooka N, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2021; (60(7)):1055-1060 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.5976-20.

Parasite burden and red blood cell exchange transfusion for babesiosis.

O'Bryan J, Gokhale A, Hendrickson JE, Krause PJ

Journal of clinical apheresis 2021; (36(1)):127-134 doi:10.1002/jca.21853.

Babesiosis: Appreciating the Pathophysiology and Diverse Sequela of the Infection.

Ortiz JF, Millhouse PW, Morillo Cox Á, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(10)):e11085 doi:10.7759/cureus.11085.

[Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of human babesiosis: a review].

Wang F, Jiang JF, Tian J, Du CH

Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control 2020; (33(2)):218-224 doi:10.16250/j.32.1374.2020168.

Documentation of a false positive Lyme disease serologic test in a patient with untreated Babesia microti infection carries implications for accurately determining the frequency of Lyme disease coinfections.

Wormser GP

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2021; (101(1)):115429 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115429.

Severe babesiosis with associated splenic infarcts and asplenia.

Sporn ZA, Fenves AZ, Sykes DB, Al-Samkari H

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 2021; (34(5)):597-599 doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.1930632.

Babesiosis as a Cause of Atraumatic Splenic Injury: Two Case Reports and a Review of Literature.

Sung LH, Sundaram AH, Glick AL, et al.

Journal of general internal medicine 2021; (36(12)):3869-3874 doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07117-5.

Spreading of Human Babesiosis in China: Current Epidemiological Status and Future Challenges.

Chen M, Liu Q, Xue J, et al.

China CDC weekly 2020; (2(33)):634-637 doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.176.

In Silico Survey and Characterization of Babesia microti Functional and Non-Functional Proteases.

Florin-Christensen M, Wieser SN, Suarez CE, Schnittger L

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (10(11)) doi:10.3390/pathogens10111457.

A Five-Week-Old Twin With Profound Anemia: A Case Report of Asymmetric Congenital Babesiosis.

Walker S, Coray E, Ginsberg-Peltz J, Smith L

Cureus 2022; (14(3)):e22774 doi:10.7759/cureus.22774.

Babesia and Human Babesiosis.

Montero E, Gray J, Lobo CA, González LM

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/pathogens11040399.

Severe Babesiosis With Heavy Parasitemia in an Immunocompetent Patient Treated Successfully With Red Cell Exchange Transfusion.

Sanivarapu RR, Kashyap V, Iqbal J

Cureus 2022; (14(3)):e23344 doi:10.7759/cureus.23344.

Broad Antimicrobial Resistance in a Case of Relapsing Babesiosis Successfully Treated With Tafenoquine.

Rogers R, Krause PJ, Norris AM, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023; (76(4)):741-744 doi:10.1093/cid/ciac473.

Trust the Process: Prolonged Babesia Parasitemia in an Elderly Man with Asplenia from the American Midwest.

Ivancich M, Lutwick L, Shweta FNU

The American journal of case reports 2022; (23()):e936326 doi:10.12659/AJCR.936326.

A Case Report and Literature Review of Babesiosis-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Yune PS, Islam I, Dicpinigaitis PV, et al.

Case reports in infectious diseases 2022; (2022()):4318731 doi:10.1155/2022/4318731.

Deployment of a Reservoir-Targeted Vaccine Against Borrelia burgdorferi Reduces the Prevalence of Babesia microti Coinfection in Ixodes scapularis Ticks.

Vannier E, Richer LM, Dinh DM, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2023; (227(10)):1127-1131 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac462.

Comparison of high throughput RNA sequences between Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis revealed consistent differential gene expression that is required for the Babesia life cycle in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

Capelli-Peixoto J, Saelao P, Johnson WC, et al.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2022; (12()):1093338 doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1093338.

Babesia microti Causing Intravascular Hemolysis in Immunocompetent Child, China.

Yao J, Liu G, Zou Y, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2023; (29(3)):667-669 doi:10.3201/eid2903.220888.

Relapsing Babesiosis With Molecular Evidence of Resistance to Certain Antimicrobials Commonly Used to Treat Babesia microti Infections.

Marcos LA, Wormser GP

Open forum infectious diseases 2023; (10(8)):ofad391 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad391.

Establishment of a stable transfection and gene targeting system in Babesia divergens.

Cubillos EFG, Snebergerova P, Borsodi S, et al.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2023; (13()):1278041 doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1278041.

Atovaquone-Proguanil: A Promising Therapy for Persistent Relapsing Babesiosis.

Shahid M, Wechsler B, Parameswaran V, Diaz MA

Case reports in infectious diseases 2024; (2024()):7168928 doi:10.1155/2024/7168928.

Tafenoquine for Relapsing Babesiosis: A Case Series.

Krause PJ, Rogers R, Shah MK, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024; (79(1)):130-137 doi:10.1093/cid/ciae238.

Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands.

Spoorenberg N, Köhler CF, Vermeulen E, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2024; (30(9)):1934-1938 doi:10.3201/eid3009.240556.

Case Report: Diagnosis of Hemolytic Anemia from Babesia and Secondary Multi-Pathogen Pneumonia Using a Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Approach.

Lu Y, Zhang D, Han D, et al.

Infection and drug resistance 2024; (17()):3785-3791 doi:10.2147/IDR.S472861.

Beyond Human Babesiosis: Prevalence and Association of Babesia Coinfection with Mortality in the United States, 2015-2022: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Ssentongo P, Venugopal N, Zhang Y, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2024; (11(10)):ofae504 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae504.

Transfusion related babesiosis in a non-endemic region (Western New York).

Aladeen J, Wadhawan P, Pendyala R, et al.

Oxford medical case reports 2024; (2024(11)):omae133 doi:10.1093/omcr/omae133.

Vesicular mechanisms of drug resistance in apicomplexan parasites.

Haldar K, Bhattacharjee S

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 2025; (89(1)):e0001024 doi:10.1128/mmbr.00010-24.

Emerging babesiosis in the mid-Atlantic: autochthonous human babesiosis cases and Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes keiransi (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, 2009 to 2024.

Stromdahl EY, Feldman KA, Nadolny RM, et al.

Journal of medical entomology 2025; (62(4)):995-1008 doi:10.1093/jme/tjaf054.

Babesiosis-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Following Spontaneous Splenic Rupture in a Florida Resident: A Case Report.

Jacob A, Nacer SA, Shah N

Cureus 2025; (17(5)):e83360 doi:10.7759/cureus.83360.

Babesia microti (Babesiidae, Piroplasmida) infection in a Chinese traveler returning from the United States of America.

Huang XA, Xiang R, Liao RH, et al.

Infectious diseases of poverty 2025; (14(1)):45 doi:10.1186/s40249-025-01311-x.

Severe Babesiosis With Multifactorial Hemolysis and Pulmonary Complications in an Asplenic Patient at a Tertiary Cancer Center.

Ayana G, Carlson S, Keraga BK, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(10)):e94343 doi:10.7759/cureus.94343.

A Prospective Cohort Longitudinal Study of Human Acute Babesiosis: Quality of Life and Severity of Symptoms Through 1-Year Follow-up.

Zamor R, Zhang X, Lamba P, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2025; (12(12)):ofaf668 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf668.

A Rare Presentation of Babesia-Associated Splenic Infarction in an Immunocompetent Young Male With Mild Parasitemia.

Anthony JA, Nikolic D, Pepe R, Fraimow H

Case reports in medicine 2026; (2026()):5210024 doi:10.1155/carm/5210024.

Babesia divergens host cell egress is mediated by essential and druggable kinases and proteases.

Elsworth B, Keroack CD, Rezvani Y, et al.

Nature microbiology 2026; (11(2)):492-506 doi:10.1038/s41564-025-02238-7.