Research & Literature

Direct Invasion of the Optic Nerves, Chiasm, and Tracts by Cryptococcus neoformans in an Immunocompetent Host.

Merkler AE, Gaines N, Baradaran H, et al.

The Neurohospitalist 2015; (5(4)):217-22 doi:10.1177/1941874415569072.

Shunting in cryptococcal meningitis.

Cherian J, Atmar RL, Gopinath SP

Journal of neurosurgery 2016; (125(1)):177-86 doi:10.3171/2015.4.JNS15255.

Cryptococcosis.

Maziarz EK, Perfect JR

Infectious disease clinics of North America 2016; (30(1)):179-206.

Post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS): Dissociation of T-cell-macrophage signaling in previously healthy individuals with cryptococcal fungal meningoencephalitis.

Williamson PR

Macrophage 2015; (2()).

Prognostic implications of baseline anaemia and changes in haemoglobin concentrations with amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis.

Tugume L, Morawski BM, Abassi M, et al.

HIV medicine 2017; (18(1)):13-20 doi:10.1111/hiv.12387.

[Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis by use of shunting and review in literature].

Zhao J, Liu J, Zhang Z, et al.

Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences 2016; (41(5)):541-7 doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2016.05.015.

Repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures in cryptococcal meningitis - necessity and/or opportunity?

Chang CC, Perfect JR

Current opinion in infectious diseases 2016; (29(6)):539-545 doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000315.

Integrated therapy for HIV and cryptococcosis.

Srichatrapimuk S, Sungkanuparph S

AIDS research and therapy 2016; (13(1)):42 doi:10.1186/s12981-016-0126-7.

18F-FDG PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT findings of pulmonary cryptococcosis.

Wang SY, Chen G, Luo DL, et al.

European journal of radiology 2017; (89()):140-148 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.008.

Successful Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis with Amphotericin B in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Jiang S, Lei TC, Xu SZ

The West Indian medical journal 2015; (65(1)):222-225.

Differences in Immunologic Factors Among Patients Presenting with Altered Mental Status During Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Lofgren S, Hullsiek KH, Morawski BM, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2017; (215(5)):693-697 doi:10.1093/infdis/jix033.

Corticosteroids for shunted previously healthy patients with non-HIV cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Mehta GU, Panackal AA, Murayi R, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2018; (89(2)):219-220 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-315830.

Cross-Reacting Ustilago maydis Causing False-Positive Cryptococcal Antigen Test Results.

Cheng MP, Nguyen TT, Parkes LO, et al.

Journal of clinical microbiology 2017; (55(10)):3135-3137 doi:10.1128/JCM.00920-17.

Cryptococcosis today: It is not all about HIV infection.

O'Halloran JA, Powderly WG, Spec A

Current clinical microbiology reports 2017; (4(2)):88-95 doi:10.1007/s40588-017-0064-8.

Cryptococcus-Epithelial Interactions.

Taylor-Smith LM

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2017; (3(4)) doi:10.3390/jof3040053.

Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS.

Spec A, Powderly WG

Handbook of clinical neurology 2018; (152()):139-150 doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63849-6.00011-6.

Cryptococcal meningitis in a previously healthy child.

Chimowa T, King I, Iroh Tam PY, Gonzalez-Martinez C

Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi 2017; (29(4)):330-331 doi:10.4314/mmj.v29i4.10.

Vision Loss in an 8-Year-Old Immunocompetent Boy with Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Padmanabha H, Kasinathan A, Kumar A, et al.

The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2018; (37(8)):e230-e232 doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001911.

Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Retrospective Cohort of a Brazilian Reference Hospital in the Post-HAART Era of Universal Access.

de Azambuja AZ, Wissmann Neto G, Watte G, et al.

The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale 2018; (2018()):6512468 doi:10.1155/2018/6512468.

Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing.

Rajasingham R, Wake RM, Beyene T, et al.

Journal of clinical microbiology 2019; (57(1)) doi:10.1128/JCM.01238-18.

HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis Occurring at Relatively Higher CD4 Counts.

Tugume L, Rhein J, Hullsiek KH, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2019; (219(6)):877-883 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy602.

Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection-Related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Mimicking Lymphoma in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient.

Sohn S, Shi HJ, Wang SH, et al.

Infection & chemotherapy 2018; (50(4)):350-356 doi:10.3947/ic.2018.50.4.350.

CRYPTOCOCCAL meningitis in a HIV negative newly diagnosed diabetic patient: a CASE report.

Owuor OH, Chege P

BMC infectious diseases 2019; (19(1)):5 doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3625-4.

Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplantation-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice.

Baddley JW, Forrest GN,

Clinical transplantation 2019; (33(9)):e13543 doi:10.1111/ctr.13543.

Cryptococcal Meningitis in an Apparent Immunocompetent Patient.

Poley M, Koubek R, Walsh L, McGillen B

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2019; (7()):2324709619834578 doi:10.1177/2324709619834578.

Disseminated cryptococcal infection in a patient with treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Suleman A, Padmore R, Faught C, Cowan J

IDCases 2019; (17()):e00566 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00566.

Factors Associated With Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Baddley JW, Thompson GR, Riley KO, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2019; (6(6)):ofz241 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz241.

Pulmonary cryptococcosis characteristics in immunocompetent patients-A 20-year clinical retrospective analysis in China.

Hou X, Kou L, Han X, et al.

Mycoses 2019; (62(10)):937-944 doi:10.1111/myc.12966.

Central Nervous System Cryptococcal Infections in Non-HIV Infected Patients.

Beardsley J, Sorrell TC, Chen SC

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2019; (5(3)) doi:10.3390/jof5030071.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Distribution of Fluconazole against Cryptococcus Species and the Fluconazole Exposure Prediction Model.

Chesdachai S, Rajasingham R, Nicol MR, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2019; (6(10)) doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz369.

Seizures in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: Predictors and Outcomes.

Pastick KA, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2019; (6(11)):ofz478 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz478.

Decreasing fluconazole susceptibility of clinical South African Cryptococcus neoformans isolates over a decade.

Naicker SD, Mpembe RS, Maphanga TG, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(3)):e0008137 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008137.

HIV-Associated Histoplasmosis: Current Perspectives.

Myint T, Leedy N, Villacorta Cari E, Wheat LJ

HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) 2020; (12()):113-125 doi:10.2147/HIV.S185631.

Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient.

Murphy LS, Lacy AJ, Smith AT, Shah KS

The American journal of emergency medicine 2020; (38(11)):2492.e1-2492.e3 doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.115.

A pragmatic approach to managing antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients diagnosed with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: impact of antiretroviral therapy adherence and duration.

Alufandika M, Lawrence DS, Boyer-Chammard T, et al.

AIDS (London, England) 2020; (34(9)):1425-1428 doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002556.

A Rare Case of Cryptococcus gattii Meningitis in Advanced HIV Disease, Sagittal Thrombosis, and Immune Reconstitution Syndrome, Resolved With Isavuconazonium.

Okudo J, Civelli VF, Narang VK, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2020; (8()):2324709620959880 doi:10.1177/2324709620959880.

Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in Hodgkin's Lymphoma patient receiving brentuximab-vedotin therapy.

Cunha Pereira T, Rb-Silva R, Félix Soares R, et al.

F1000Research 2020; (9()):687 doi:10.12688/f1000research.24816.2.

Clinical Aspects of Immune Damage in Cryptococcosis.

Anjum S, Williamson PR

Current fungal infection reports 2019; (13(3)):99-108 doi:10.1007/s12281-019-00345-7.

Cryptococcus neoformans-astrocyte interactions: effect on fungal blood brain barrier disruption, brain invasion, and meningitis progression.

Woo YH, Martinez LR

Critical reviews in microbiology 2021; (47(2)):206-223 doi:10.1080/1040841X.2020.1869178.

Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Treatment Approaches.

Brienze VMS, André JC, Liso E, Louis IV

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (11(2)) doi:10.3390/life11020095.

First report of cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto VGI in an Ivorian HIV negative patient.

Bellet V, Kassi FK, Krasteva D, et al.

Journal de mycologie medicale 2021; (31(2)):101113 doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101113.

The granuloma in cryptococcal disease.

Ristow LC, Davis JM

PLoS pathogens 2021; (17(3)):e1009342 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009342.

Cryptococcus neoformans-Infected Macrophages Release Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles: Insight into Their Components by Multi-omics.

Zhang L, Zhang K, Li H, et al.

mBio 2021; (12(2)) doi:10.1128/mBio.00279-21.

Fungal Burden and Raised Intracranial Pressure Are Independently Associated With Visual Loss in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Molloy SF, Ross B, Kanyama C, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2021; (8(4)):ofab066 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab066.

Cryptococcal meningitis presenting with acute hearing loss.

Ali AA, Maaliki N, Oye M, Isache CL

BMJ case reports 2021; (14(5)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-242059.

Cryptococcus gattii meningitis complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an apparent immunocompetent host in Malaysia.

Chang CY, Mohd Shah SH, Lio JY, et al.

Medical mycology case reports 2022; (35()):1-4 doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.12.004.

Recent Advances in Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis.

Firacative C, Trilles L, Meyer W

Microorganisms 2021; (10(1)) doi:10.3390/microorganisms10010013.

Single-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B Treatment for Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Jarvis JN, Lawrence DS, Meya DB, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2022; (386(12)):1109-1120 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2111904.

Toward Simpler, Safer Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Moosa MS, Lessells RJ

The New England journal of medicine 2022; (386(12)):1179-1181 doi:10.1056/NEJMe2201150.

A case report of a brain herniation secondary to cryptococcal meningitis with elevated intracranial pressure in a patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).

Guevara N, Akande A, Chang MF, et al.

IDCases 2022; (29()):e01554 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01554.

Outpatient Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Is Associated With Favorable Baseline Characteristics and Improved Survival in Persons With Cryptococcal Meningitis in Uganda.

Levin AE, Bangdiwala AS, Nalintya E, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023; (76(3)):e759-e765 doi:10.1093/cid/ciac599.

Access to Medicines for Treating People With Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Burry J, Casas CP, Ford N

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023; (76(3)):e773-e775 doi:10.1093/cid/ciac689.

Cryptococcal meningitis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Nepal: Perspectives from resource limited setting.

Sharma S, Acharya J, Rijal N, et al.

Mycoses 2023; (66(1)):47-51 doi:10.1111/myc.13526.

Therapeutic Lumbar Punctures in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: Should Opening Pressure Direct Management?

Kagimu E, Engen N, Ssebambulidde K, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2022; (9(9)):ofac416 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac416.

Comparison of the clinical manifestations and chest CT findings of pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Xiong C, Lu J, Chen T, Xu R

BMC pulmonary medicine 2022; (22(1)):415 doi:10.1186/s12890-022-02175-9.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of 60 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome combined with Cryptococcus neoformans.

Liu S, Chen W, Cheng F, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2023; (23(1)):204 doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08137-8.

Diagnostic performance of the IMMY cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay on serum and cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients: a systematic review.

Macrae C, Ellis J, Keddie SH, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2023; (23(1)):209 doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08135-w.

Cryptococcal Meningitis in Young, Immunocompetent Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Stack M, Hiles J, Valinetz E, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2023; (10(8)):ofad420 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad420.

Diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected adults.

McHale TC, Boulware DR, Kasibante J, et al.

Clinical microbiology reviews 2023; (36(4)):e0015622 doi:10.1128/cmr.00156-22.

Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM.

Chang CC, Harrison TS, Bicanic TA, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2024; (24(8)):e495-e512 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00731-4.

Complex Decisions in HIV-Related Cryptococcosis: Addressing Second Episodes of Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Musubire A, Kagimu E, Mugabi T, et al.

Current HIV/AIDS reports 2024; (21(2)):75-85 doi:10.1007/s11904-024-00691-3.

Comparison of Early Fungicidal Activity and Mortality Between Daily Liposomal Amphotericin B and Daily Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for Cryptococcal Meningitis.

Kimuda S, Kwizera R, Dai B, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2025; (80(1)):153-159 doi:10.1093/cid/ciae326.

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of a semi-quantitative lateral flow assay for the detection of Cryptococcus antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens.

Castañeda-Torres MC, Arango J, Zuluaga A, et al.

Medical mycology 2024; (63(1)) doi:10.1093/mmy/myae116.

Comparison of mNGS with conventional methods for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study.

Jiang ZJ, Hong JC, Lin BW, et al.

Scientific reports 2025; (15(1)):3656 doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86481-2.

Neurocognitive Impairment Among Cryptococcal Meningitis Survivors in Uganda, a Prospective Cohort Study.

Nsangi L, Hullsiek KH, Dai B, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2025; (12(2)):ofaf054 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf054.

Superior diagnostic performance of Grocott methenamine silver staining in pulmonary cryptococcosis: a multicenter, large-sample cohort study.

Wang S, Lai J, Zheng C, et al.

Frontiers in microbiology 2025; (16()):1615057 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1615057.

The Pain Is in the Brain With the Sugar-Coated Killer.

Messina JA, Perfect JR

The Journal of infectious diseases 2025; (232(6)):1265-1272 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf496.

Phasing out India ink: the case for the CrAg LFA in modern practice.

Morjaria S, Iturralde D, Clarck B, Babady NE

Microbiology spectrum 2026; (14(1)):e0153125 doi:10.1128/spectrum.01531-25.

Cryptococcal Infection in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Receiving Acalabrutinib, a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: A Case Report.

Al-Shaker AN, Agarwal A, Saeed MT, Marney Z

Cureus 2025; (17(12)):e99241 doi:10.7759/cureus.99241.

Cryptococcal antigen titers and semi-quantitative assay scores among people with HIV-associated cryptococcal antigenemia.

Mwamba TM, Blasich NP, Coetzee LM, et al.

Journal of clinical microbiology 2026; (64(2)):e0088625 doi:10.1128/jcm.00886-25.