Research & Literature

The natural history of pediatric-onset discoid lupus erythematosus.

Arkin LM, Ansell L, Rademaker A, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2015; (72(4)):628-33.

Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to Proton Pump Inhibitors: Evaluation and Management.

Otani IM, Banerji A

Current allergy and asthma reports 2016; (16(3)):17 doi:10.1007/s11882-016-0595-8.

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment.

Hejazi EZ, Werth VP

American journal of clinical dermatology 2016; (17(2)):135-46 doi:10.1007/s40257-016-0173-9.

Using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria to determine the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE).

Tiao J, Feng R, Carr K, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2016; (74(5)):862-9.

Microarray study reveals a transforming growth factor-β-dependent mechanism of fibrosis in discoid lupus erythematosus.

Solé C, Gimenez-Barcons M, Ferrer B, et al.

The British journal of dermatology 2016; (175(2)):302-13 doi:10.1111/bjd.14539.

Permanent Injectable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Dermal Filler for a Large Subcutaneous Defect Secondary to Lupus Panniculitis.

Gupta K, Bhari N, Verma KK, Gupta S

Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] 2017; (43(1)):152-154 doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000839.

Successful treatment of facial systemic lupus erythematosus lesions with Dr Michaels® (Soratinex®) product family. A case report.

Tirant M, Bayer P, Hercogovấ J, et al.

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents 2016; (30(2 Suppl 3)):95-102.

Anti-RO/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies: Association with mild lupus manifestations in 645 childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

Novak GV, Marques M, Balbi V, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2017; (16(2)):132-135 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.004.

Voriconazole-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in an Adult With Aspergillosis.

Ezra N, Jourabchi N, Mousdicas N

Skinmed 2016; (14(6)):461-463.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus with congenital heart block in twins.

Gargouri L, Safi F, Maalej B, et al.

La Tunisie medicale 2016; (94(7)):401-404.

Efficacy and comparison of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus erythematosus subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chasset F, Bouaziz JD, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al.

The British journal of dermatology 2017; (177(1)):188-196 doi:10.1111/bjd.15312.

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus in Red Tattoo.

Pavithran K

Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 1983; (49(2)):82-84.

Not Just Skin Deep: Systemic Disease Involvement in Patients With Cutaneous Lupus.

O'Brien JC, Chong BF

The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings 2017; (18(2)):S69-S74 doi:10.1016/j.jisp.2016.09.001.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinico-pathologic correlation.

Filotico R, Mastrandrea V

Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2018; (153(2)):216-229 doi:10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05929-1.

Epidemiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the associated risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark.

Petersen MP, Möller S, Bygum A, et al.

Lupus 2018; (27(9)):1424-1430 doi:10.1177/0961203318777103.

Autoantibody profile and clinical patterns in 619 Italian patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Verdelli A, Coi A, Marzano AV, et al.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2019; (33(4)):742-752 doi:10.1111/jdv.15147.

[When drugs induce cutaneous lupus erythematosus].

Skovmøller KB, Bygum A

Ugeskrift for laeger 2018; (180(41)).

Persistent red and swollen eyelids.

Maya Y, Tashimo A, Ota M

Lancet (London, England) 2018; (392(10157)):1552 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32327-4.

Delineating the Healthy Human Skin UV Response and Early Induction of Interferon Pathway in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.

Katayama S, Panelius J, Koskenmies S, et al.

The Journal of investigative dermatology 2019; (139(9)):2058-2061.e4 doi:10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.035.

A review of the evidence and cost of therapies for cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Rosen JD, Paul S, Maderal A

Lupus 2019; (28(7)):799-805 doi:10.1177/0961203319846397.

Comment on the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus by Fanouriakis et al.

Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Isenberg D, Petri M

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020; (79(8)):e90 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215573.

Nonscarring alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional study with trichoscopic, histopathologic, and immunopathologic analyses.

Chanprapaph K, Udompanich S, Visessiri Y, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2019; (81(6)):1319-1329 doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.053.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: new insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.

Wenzel J

Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2019; (15(9)):519-532 doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0272-0.

Dermoscopy in the differential diagnosis between malar rash of systemic lupus erythematosus and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: an observational study.

Errichetti E, Lallas A, De Marchi G, et al.

Lupus 2019; (28(13)):1583-1588 doi:10.1177/0961203319882493.

Widespread subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a patient receiving checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab.

Kosche C, Owen JL, Choi JN

Dermatology online journal 2019; (25(10)).

Clinical recognition and management of alopecia in women of color.

Raffi J, Suresh R, Agbai O

International journal of women's dermatology 2019; (5(5)):314-319 doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.08.005.

Three cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with malignancy: a late paraneoplastic phenomenon.

Xie F, Frewen J, Divekar P

Clinical and experimental dermatology 2020; (45(5)):607-608 doi:10.1111/ced.14176.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin in the Management of Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis.

AlQadri NG, AlNooh B, AlTewerki MM, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(1)):e6790 doi:10.7759/cureus.6790.

Acute Generalized Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Repeatedly Mistaken for Cellulitis.

Fischer N, Geffen J, Spring M

Cureus 2020; (12(2)):e6946 doi:10.7759/cureus.6946.

Hydroxychloroquine to Prevent Recurrent Congenital Heart Block in Fetuses of Anti-SSA/Ro-Positive Mothers.

Izmirly P, Kim M, Friedman DM, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; (76(3)):292-302 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.045.

Current Insights in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Immunopathogenesis.

Garelli CJ, Refat MA, Nanaware PP, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2020; (11()):1353 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01353.

New insights into the progression from cutaneous lupus to systemic lupus erythematosus.

Zhou W, Wu H, Zhao M, Lu Q

Expert review of clinical immunology 2020; (16(8)):829-837 doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1805316.

Clinical Characteristics of Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis/Profundus: A Retrospective Review of 61 Patients.

Rangel LK, Villa-Ruiz C, Lo K, et al.

JAMA dermatology 2020; (156(11)):1264-1266 doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2797.

Refractory discoid lupus erythematosus responds to rituximab.

Mumford BP, Assarian Z, Oon S, Chong AH

The Australasian journal of dermatology 2021; (62(2)):e341-e343 doi:10.1111/ajd.13514.

Autoimmune Congenital Heart Block: A Review of Biomarkers and Management of Pregnancy.

De Carolis S, Garufi C, Garufi E, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):607515 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.607515.

Successful perinatal management and pacemaker stimulation during the first hour of life in a 1.6 kg newborn with autoimmune congenital complete heart block diagnosed prenatally.

Wojtowicz A, Mroczek T, Skalski J, et al.

Ginekologia polska 2021; (92(1)):80-81 doi:10.5603/GP.a2020.0154.

NKG2D and its ligands as cytotoxic factors in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Vorwerk G, Zahn S, Bieber T, Wenzel J

Experimental dermatology 2021; (30(6)):847-852 doi:10.1111/exd.14311.

The Koebner phenomenon on tattoos and piercings in a patient with cutaneous lupus: a case report and review of the literature.

Kluger N, Andraud M, Lartigau-Roussin C, Sultan-Bichat N

Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2021; (30(1)):43-46.

Nailfold capillaroscopy findings in cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients with or without digital lesions and comparison with dermatomyositis patients: A prospective study.

Monfort JB, Chasset F, Barbaud A, et al.

Lupus 2021; (30(8)):1207-1213 doi:10.1177/09612033211010329.

Pediatric-Onset Refractory Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis Treated With Rituximab.

Angra D, Roehrs PA, Googe PB, Adamson AS

Cutis 2021; (108(2)):E44-E46 doi:10.12788/cutis.0351.

Risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in the community.

Dabit JY, Hocaoglu M, Moder KG, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2022; (61(8)):3172-3179 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab844.

Oral tofacitinib citrate for recalcitrant cutaneous lupus.

Bonnardeaux E, Dutz JP

JAAD case reports 2022; (20()):61-64 doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.09.030.

Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge.

Dima A, Jurcut C, Chasset F, et al.

Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease 2022; (14()):1759720X211073001 doi:10.1177/1759720X211073001.

A Systematic Review of the Progression of Cutaneous Lupus to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Curtiss P, Walker AM, Chong BF

Frontiers in immunology 2022; (13()):866319 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.866319.

Amlodipine-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Localized to Non-Sun-Exposed Areas.

Mizuta T, Kato M

Case reports in dermatology 2022; (14(1)):71-76 doi:10.1159/000524001.

Current Concepts on Pathogenic Mechanisms and Histopathology in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.

Fetter T, Braegelmann C, de Vos L, Wenzel J

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):915828 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.915828.

Long-term risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a nationwide cohort study.

Shams-Eldin AN, Yafasova A, Faurschou M, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2022; (41(11)):3525-3536 doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06302-z.

Current concepts of photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Klein B, Kunz M

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):939594 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.939594.

Advancements in the Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus and Dermatomyositis: A Review of the Literature.

Elhage KG, Zhao R, Nakamura M

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 2022; (15()):1815-1831 doi:10.2147/CCID.S382628.

An update on the management of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Verdelli A, Corrà A, Mariotti EB, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):941003 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.941003.

Proton pump inhibitors-related subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Clinical characteristics, management, and outcome.

Deng Z, Guo A, Wu C, Wang C

Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2022; (21(12)):7202-7208 doi:10.1111/jocd.15450.

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Among Adults Over Four Decades (1976-2018): A Lupus Midwest Network (LUMEN) Study.

Hocaoğlu M, Davis MDP, Osei-Onomah SA, et al.

Mayo Clinic proceedings 2022; (97(12)):2282-2290 doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.06.022.

Topical niacinamide (Nicotinamide) treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE): A prospective pilot study.

Nouh AH, Elshahid AR, Kadah AS, Zeyada YA

Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2023; (22(5)):1647-1657 doi:10.1111/jocd.15628.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus - prevention is better than cure.

Liszewska A, Woźniacka A

Postepy dermatologii i alergologii 2022; (39(6)):1021-1026 doi:10.5114/ada.2022.122601.

Autoimmune Skin Conditions: Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.

Foulke G, Helm LA, Clebak KT, Helm M

FP essentials 2023; (526()):25-36.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is associated with an increased risk of cardiac and vascular diseases: a large-scale, propensity-matched global retrospective cohort study.

Olbrich H, Kridin K, Zirpel H, et al.

EBioMedicine 2023; (93()):104639 doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104639.

Alopecia secondary to severe discoid lupus responding to anifrolumab.

Han S, Ferrer J, Bittar M, Jones A

International journal of women's dermatology 2023; (9(3)):e098 doi:10.1097/JW9.0000000000000098.

Serum Metabolomics Analysis of Skin-Involved Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association of Anti-SSA Antibodies with Photosensitivity.

Lu D, Zhu X, Hong T, et al.

Journal of inflammation research 2023; (16()):3811-3822 doi:10.2147/JIR.S426337.

Lupus Erythematosus Profundus with Multiple Overlying Cutaneous Ulcerations: A Rare Case.

Sutedja E, Widjaya MRH, Dharmadji HP, et al.

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 2023; (16()):2721-2726 doi:10.2147/CCID.S430068.

Polyautoimmunity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A nationwide sex- and age-matched cohort study from Denmark.

Graven-Nielsen CS, Vittrup IV, Kragh AJ, et al.

JAAD international 2023; (13()):126-133 doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2023.07.018.

Role of neutrophils in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Yamamoto T

The Journal of dermatology 2024; (51(2)):180-184 doi:10.1111/1346-8138.17036.

Case report of canine discoid lupus erythematosus in Guatemala.

De León-Robles E, Colmenares M, Calderón GM

Veterinary medicine and science 2024; (10(3)):e1264 doi:10.1002/vms3.1264.

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Are Not Major Producers of Type 1 IFN in Cutaneous Lupus: An In-Depth Immunoprofile of Subacute and Discoid Lupus.

Vazquez T, Patel J, Kodali N, et al.

The Journal of investigative dermatology 2024; (144(6)):1262-1272.e7 doi:10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.039.

Case series of anifrolumab for treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and lupus-related mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with SLE.

Bao A, Petri MA, Fava A, Kang J

Lupus science & medicine 2023; (10(2)) doi:10.1136/lupus-2023-001007.

Manifestation of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus during treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody cemiplimab - a case report.

Fietz S, Fröhlich A, Mauch C, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1324231 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1324231.

A rare case of cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting with periorbital erythema and edema.

Hacınecipoğlu F, Çevirgen Cemil B, Kartal SP, Arslankoz S

Lupus 2024; (33(2)):183-186 doi:10.1177/09612033231224767.

Hydroxychloroquine in lupus or rheumatoid arthritis pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations: a population-based cohort study.

Nguyen NV, Svenungsson E, Dominicus A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(1)):117-125 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae168.

Lupus Erythematosus Tumidus as a Distinct Uncommon Subtype of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report and Review.

Camisa C, Papavero V

Cureus 2024; (16(4)):e59140 doi:10.7759/cureus.59140.

The role of TNF-α as a potential marker for acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Jinshan Z, Yong Q, Fangqi C, et al.

The Journal of dermatology 2024; (51(11)):1481-1491 doi:10.1111/1346-8138.17355.

Understanding the Role of Type I Interferons in Cutaneous Lupus and Dermatomyositis: Toward Better Therapeutics.

Hile GA, Werth VP

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2025; (77(1)):1-11 doi:10.1002/art.42983.

Topical administration of a BCL-2 inhibitor alleviates cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Jiang J, Zhu H, Yang M, et al.

International immunopharmacology 2024; (142(Pt B)):113132 doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113132.

Innovations in Cutaneous Lupus.

Lin RR, Warp PV, Hartoyo MA, et al.

Dermatologic clinics 2025; (43(1)):123-136 doi:10.1016/j.det.2024.08.010.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a risk factor for having multiple subtypes of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Lu G, Brown LS, Chong BF

Lupus 2025; (34(2)):181-186 doi:10.1177/09612033241311335.

Evaluating biomarkers in canine cytotoxic interface dermatitis reactions to account for clinical and histopathological similarities and differences.

Kannan S, Wong NB, Ryan GE, et al.

Frontiers in veterinary science 2024; (11()):1471590 doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1471590.

Early initiation of hydroxychloroquine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus to prevent progression to systemic lupus erythematosus: A long-term follow-up study.

Bar D, Baum S, Segal Z, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2025; (93(1)):55-63 doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2025.02.066.

Can Dermoscopy Be a Useful Follow-Up Tool in Patients with Discoid Lupus Treated with Anifrolumab?

Ambrogio F, Foti C, Noviello S, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(5)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics15050522.

Case Report: Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by the anti-PD-1 antibody camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy.

Bao H, Zhang J, Luo X, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2025; (16()):1539373 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1539373.

Efficacy and safety of calcineurin inhibitors in cutaneous lupus: a systematic review and brief meta-analysis of recommended concentration, type, and outcomes.

Alshathri AH, Abdellatif RA, Alshathri AH, et al.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2025; (87(5)):2880-2888 doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000003047.

Anifrolumab for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a 10-case series.

Hernández-Salas ME, Horcajada-Reales C, Palomar-Prieto C, et al.

Clinical and experimental dermatology 2025; (50(10)):2040-2043 doi:10.1093/ced/llaf272.

Successful use of anifrolumab in refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report.

Ramadhan A, Troug A, Yacyshyn E, Gniadecki R

SAGE open medical case reports 2025; (13()):2050313X251350376 doi:10.1177/2050313X251350376.

[Lupus erythematosus].

Strunz PP, Schmalzing M, Goebeler M, Schmieder A

Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) 2025; (76(9)):582-600 doi:10.1007/s00105-025-05554-5.

Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-SSA/SSB, and antiphospholipid antibody-positive pregnancies.

Saleh ZF, Somers EC, Romero VC, Marder W

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2026; (234(1)):7-20 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.09.002.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus - from pathogenesis to targeted therapy.

Klein B, Billi AC, Abernathy-Close L, Kahlenberg JM

Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2025; (21(12)):703-718 doi:10.1038/s41584-025-01318-6.

Update on cutaneous lupus erythematosus pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.

Chasset F, Teboul A

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2026; (40(5)):782-800 doi:10.1111/jdv.70186.

An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.

Verdelli A, Barletta E, Mariotti EB, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(23)) doi:10.3390/jcm14238285.

From the Masterclasses in Dermatology 2025 Meeting: Practical Approaches to Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus for Dermatologists.

Childs B, Merola JF

The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology 2025; (18(10)):40-47.

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like drug eruption after durvalumab treatment for squamous cell carcinoma.

Giger D, Del Mundo DY, Avashia-Khemka N

Dermatology online journal 2025; (31(5)) doi:10.25251/10agjt29.

Sex-based clinical and immunological differences across lupus erythematosus subtypes: a cross-sectional multicentre study from China.

Pan Y, Jin H, Zhou S, et al.

Lupus science & medicine 2026; (13(1)) doi:10.1136/lupus-2025-001783.