Research & Literature

Protective immunity against Naegleria fowleri infection on mice immunized with the rNfa1 protein using mucosal adjuvants.

Lee J, Yoo JK, Sohn HJ, et al.

Parasitology research 2015; (114(4)):1377-85 doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4316-3.

Successful treatment of an adolescent with Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis.

Linam WM, Ahmed M, Cope JR, et al.

Pediatrics 2015; (135(3)):e744-8 doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2292.

Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: Are the amoebae being credited to an 'inside job' done by the host immune response?

Baig AM

Acta tropica 2015; (148()):72-6.

A proposed cascade of vascular events leading to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.

Baig AM, Khan NA

Microbial pathogenesis 2015; (88()):48-51.

Fatal Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis Caused by Acanthamoeba in a Patient With Kidney Transplant: A Case Report.

Salameh A, Bello N, Becker J, Zangeneh T

Open forum infectious diseases 2015; (2(3)):ofv104 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv104.

Management of Intracranial Pressure.

Freeman WD

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) 2015; (21(5 Neurocritical Care)):1299-323 doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000235.

Use of the Novel Therapeutic Agent Miltefosine for the Treatment of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis: Report of 1 Fatal and 1 Surviving Case.

Cope JR, Conrad DA, Cohen N, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2016; (62(6)):774-6 doi:10.1093/cid/civ1021.

Dendritiform Keratopathy Associated with Exposure to Polyquarternium-1, a Common Ophthalmic Preservative.

Matoba AY, Peterson JR, Wilhelmus KR

Ophthalmology 2016; (123(3)):451-6.

Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a newly diagnosed patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Thamtam VK, Uppin MS, Pyal A, et al.

Neurology India 2016; (64(1)):101-4 doi:10.4103/0028-3886.173662.

Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl.

Dunn AL, Reed T, Stewart C, Levy RA

Laboratory medicine 2016; (47(2)):149-54 doi:10.1093/labmed/lmw008.

Excretory and Secretory Proteins of Naegleria fowleri Induce Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells.

Lee J, Kang JM, Kim TI, et al.

The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology 2017; (64(2)):183-192 doi:10.1111/jeu.12350.

Surviving Naegleria fowleri infections: A successful case report and novel therapeutic approach.

Heggie TW, Küpper T

Travel medicine and infectious disease 2017; (16()):49-51 doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.12.005.

Brain-Eating Amoebae: Predilection Sites in the Brain and Disease Outcome.

Ong TYY, Khan NA, Siddiqui R

Journal of clinical microbiology 2017; (55(7)):1989-1997 doi:10.1128/JCM.02300-16.

Human infections caused by free-living amoebae.

Król-Turmińska K, Olender A

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM 2017; (24(2)):254-260 doi:10.5604/12321966.1233568.

Case Series of Naegleria fowleri Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalitis from Karachi, Pakistan.

Ghanchi NK, Jamil B, Khan E, et al.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2017; (97(5)):1600-1602 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0110.

Identification of cysteine protease inhibitors as new drug leads against Naegleria fowleri.

Zyserman I, Mondal D, Sarabia F, et al.

Experimental parasitology 2018; (188()):36-41 doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.010.

Reduction of Acanthamoeba Cyst Density Associated With Treatment Detected by In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Acanthamoeba Keratitis.

Wang YE, Tepelus TC, Gui W, et al.

Cornea 2019; (38(4)):463-468 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001857.

Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis.

Yohannan B, Feldman M

Case reports in infectious diseases 2019; (2019()):9315756 doi:10.1155/2019/9315756.

Lethal encounters: The evolving spectrum of amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Gompf SG, Garcia C

IDCases 2019; (15()):e00524 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00524.

A local case of fulminant primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri.

McLaughlin A, O'Gorman T

Rural and remote health 2019; (19(2)):4313 doi:10.22605/RRH4313.

"Proposals for Amendments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Encephalitis caused by Free-living Amoebae".

Baig AM

Infectious disorders drug targets 2020; (20(2)):115-121 doi:10.2174/1871526519666190405170601.

Clinical features and outcomes of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a tertiary hospital over 20- year period.

Liu HY, Chu HS, Wang IJ, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2020; (119(1 Pt 2)):211-217 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.011.

Killer amoebas: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a changing climate.

Cooper AM, Aouthmany S, Shah K, Rega PP

JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2019; (32(6)):30-35 doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000558238.99250.4a.

Corneal Endotheliitis as a Presentation of Acanthamoeba Keratitis.

Hsu CW, Liu CH, Hsiao CH

Eye & contact lens 2020; (46(5)):e30-e32 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000633.

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report.

Chen M, Ruan W, Zhang L, et al.

The Korean journal of parasitology 2019; (57(3)):291-294 doi:10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.291.

Clinical features and serial changes of Acanthamoeba keratitis: an in vivo confocal microscopy study.

Li S, Bian J, Wang Y, et al.

Eye (London, England) 2020; (34(2)):327-334 doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0482-3.

Acanthamoeba keratitis therapy: time to cure and visual outcome analysis for different antiamoebic therapies in 227 cases.

Papa V, Rama P, Radford C, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2020; (104(4)):575-581 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314485.

The rising incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis: A 7-year nationwide survey and clinical assessment of risk factors and functional outcomes.

Randag AC, van Rooij J, van Goor AT, et al.

PloS one 2019; (14(9)):e0222092 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222092.

Naegleria fowleri: Sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review.

Jahangeer M, Mahmood Z, Munir N, et al.

Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 2020; (47(2)):199-212 doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13192.

Acanthamoeba and its pathogenic role in granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

Kalra SK, Sharma P, Shyam K, et al.

Experimental parasitology 2020; (208()):107788 doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107788.

Oral miltefosine for refractory Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Hirabayashi KE, Lin CC, Ta CN

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2019; (16()):100555 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100555.

Eight-Year-Old Male With Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis.

Vareechon C, Tarro T, Polanco C, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2019; (6(8)):ofz349 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz349.

Minimal Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Miltefosine despite Therapeutic Plasma Levels during the Treatment of Amebic Encephalitis.

Monogue ML, Watson D, Alexander JS, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2019; (64(1)) doi:10.1128/AAC.01127-19.

Nanopore sequencing improves the draft genome of the human pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri.

Liechti N, Schürch N, Bruggmann R, Wittwer M

Scientific reports 2019; (9(1)):16040 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52572-0.

Is Naegleria fowleri an Emerging Parasite?

Maciver SK, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J

Trends in parasitology 2020; (36(1)):19-28 doi:10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.008.

Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to free-living amoebae in two boys in two different hospitals in Lima, Perú.

Cabello-Vílchez AM, Chura-Araujo MA, Anicama Lima WE, et al.

Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology 2020; (40(2)):180-184 doi:10.1111/neup.12617.

A homogeneously enhancing mass evolving into multiple hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in amoebic encephalitis with necrotizing vasculitis.

Suzuki T, Okamoto K, Genkai N, et al.

Clinical imaging 2020; (60(1)):48-52 doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.10.015.

Outcome of therapeutic deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in advanced Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Bagga B, Garg P, Joseph J, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2020; (68(3)):442-446 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_307_19.

Repurposing of Drugs Is a Viable Approach to Develop Therapeutic Strategies against Central Nervous System Related Pathogenic Amoebae.

Anwar A, Khan NA, Siddiqui R

ACS chemical neuroscience 2020; (11(16)):2378-2384 doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00613.

[Chameleon-Like Corneal Disorders: Acanthamoeba Keratitis].

Szentmáry N, Fries FN, Daas L, et al.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2020; (237(6)):754-760 doi:10.1055/a-1147-9019.

A 5-Year Review of Acanthamoeba Keratitis Related to Wearing Contact Lenses in Korea.

Jo YJ, Jang SK, Lee J, Lee JS

Eye & contact lens 2020; (46(4)):223-227 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000669.

Rapid, Noninvasive Diagnosis of Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis by a Plasma-Based Next-Generation Sequencing Test.

Kalyatanda G, Rand K, Lindner MS, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2020; (7(7)):ofaa189 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa189.

A Fatal Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Complicated with Diabetes Insipidus (DI): A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Mushtaq MZ, Mahmood SBZ, Aziz A

Case reports in infectious diseases 2020; (2020()):4925819 doi:10.1155/2020/4925819.

Oral Miltefosine as Salvage Therapy for Refractory Acanthamoeba Keratitis.

Thulasi P, Saeed HN, Rapuano CJ, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2021; (223()):75-82 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.048.

Delayed diagnoses of Acanthamoeba keratitis at a tertiary care medical centre.

Shah YS, Stroh IG, Zafar S, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2021; (99(8)):916-921 doi:10.1111/aos.14792.

Drugs used for the treatment of cerebral and disseminated infections caused by free-living amoebae.

Taravaud A, Fechtali-Moute Z, Loiseau PM, Pomel S

Clinical and translational science 2021; (14(3)):791-805 doi:10.1111/cts.12955.

USE OF A HUMAN INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY ASSAY FOR BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS IN A GROUP OF CAPTIVE NORTHWEST BORNEAN ORANGUTANS (PONGO PYGMAEUS PYGMAEUS).

Ferris RL, Ali IK, West G

Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 2021; (52(1)):310-314 doi:10.1638/2019-0018.

Draft Chromosome Sequences of a Clinical Isolate of the Free-Living Ameba Naegleria fowleri.

Ali IKM, Kelley A, Joseph SJ, et al.

Microbiology resource announcements 2021; (10(15)) doi:10.1128/MRA.01034-20.

Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis in a child: case report and literature review.

Yi Z, Zhong J, Wu H, et al.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2021; (100(4)):115180 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115180.

Infections Caused by Free-Living Amoebae.

Kofman A, Guarner J

Journal of clinical microbiology 2022; (60(1)):e0022821 doi:10.1128/JCM.00228-21.

Death From Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis After Recreational Water Exposure During Recent Travel to India-Santa Clara County, California, 2020.

Harris GR, Karmarkar EN, Quenelle R, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2021; (8(8)):ofab322 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab322.

Opportunistic free-living amoebal pathogens.

Mungroo MR, Khan NA, Maciver S, Siddiqui R

Pathogens and global health 2022; (116(2)):70-84 doi:10.1080/20477724.2021.1985892.

[Confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of acanthamoeba keratitis].

Kasparova EA, Marchenko NR, Surnina ZV, Mitichkina TS

Vestnik oftalmologii 2021; (137(5. Vyp. 2)):201-208 doi:10.17116/oftalma2021137052201.

Facial Balamuthia mandrillaris infection with neurological involvement in an immunocompetent child.

Zhang Z, Liang J, Wei R, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2022; (22(3)):e93-e100 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00334-0.

Rapidly Progressive Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis in a Diabetic Individual.

Paudel AC, Patel N, Quang J, et al.

Cureus 2021; (13(11)):e19336 doi:10.7759/cureus.19336.

A patient with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris survived with two excisions and medication.

Peng L, Zhou Q, Wu Y, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2022; (22(1)):54 doi:10.1186/s12879-021-07020-8.

Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris infection with red plaques on the nasal dorsum as the first presentation.

Tao K, Wang T, Zhang L, et al.

Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 2022; (97(4)):498-500 doi:10.1016/j.abd.2021.12.001.

Genotyping and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba Genotype T4 and Naegleria fowleri from Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples of Patients in Turkey: Is it the Pathogens of Unknown Causes of Death?

Aykur M, Dirim Erdogan D, Selvi Gunel N, et al.

Acta parasitologica 2022; (67(3)):1372-1383 doi:10.1007/s11686-022-00597-3.

Amebic infections of the central nervous system.

Berger JR

Journal of neurovirology 2022; (28(4-6)):467-472 doi:10.1007/s13365-022-01096-x.

Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae.

Otero-Ruiz A, Gonzalez-Zuñiga LD, Rodriguez-Anaya LZ, et al.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (11(10)) doi:10.3390/pathogens11101199.

Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection: a rare cause of a ring-enhancing central nervous system lesion. Illustrative case.

Levinson S, Kumar KK, Wang H, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2022; (3(15)).

Laboratory Diagnosis of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis.

Rojo JU, Rajendran R, Salazar JH

Laboratory medicine 2023; (54(5)):e124-e132 doi:10.1093/labmed/lmac158.

Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update.

Ahmad Zamzuri M'I, Abd Majid FN, Mihat M, et al.

International journal of environmental research and public health 2023; (20(4)) doi:10.3390/ijerph20043021.

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review.

Chen XT, Zhang Q, Wen SY, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1100785 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1100785.

A clinical case report of Balamuthia granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in a non-immunocompromised patient and literature review.

Liu J, Zhang W, Wu S, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2023; (23(1)):245 doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08228-6.

Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis initially presenting with a cutaneous lesion.

Gramp PE, Dooley J, O'Brien B, et al.

The Australasian journal of dermatology 2023; (64(3)):e256-e261 doi:10.1111/ajd.14068.

Two-step strategy-conjunctival flap covering surgery combined with secondary deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of high-risk fungal keratitis.

Wang YC, Wang JS, Wang B, et al.

International journal of ophthalmology 2023; (16(7)):1065-1070 doi:10.18240/ijo.2023.07.10.

Long-term outcomes of therapeutic corneal transplants performed in a tertiary eye care hospital in South India.

Christy JS, Mathews P, Ravisankar R, Akpek EK

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(9)):3171-3177 doi:10.4103/IJO.IJO_1344_23.

Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Past, Present and Future.

Azzopardi M, Chong YJ, Ng B, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(16)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics13162655.

Can Amphotericin B-mediated effects be limited using intranasal versus intravenous route?

Siddiqui R, Yee Ong TY, Maciver S, Khan NA

Therapeutic delivery 2023; (14(8)):485-490 doi:10.4155/tde-2023-0032.

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: a review of Naegleria fowleri and analysis of successfully treated cases.

Hall AD, Kumar JE, Golba CE, et al.

Parasitology research 2024; (123(1)):84 doi:10.1007/s00436-023-08094-w.

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Vilares-Morgado R, Ferreira AM, Marques-Couto P, et al.

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association 2024; (47(2)):102119 doi:10.1016/j.clae.2023.102119.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of fatal Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis.

Qin L, Xiang Y, Wu Z, et al.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 2024; (119()):105570 doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105570.

18F-FDG PET/CT findings in fatal Balamuthia Mandrillaris encephalitis in brain stem: A case report.

Xu H, Wang D, Cui K, et al.

Radiology case reports 2024; (19(5)):1851-1854 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.02.021.

Successful Treatment of Confirmed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis.

Burqi AMK, Satti L, Mahboob S, et al.

Emerging infectious diseases 2024; (30(4)):803-805 doi:10.3201/eid3004.230979.

Anti-Acanthamoeba metallopharmaceuticals: Amoebicidal activity and synergistic effect of copper(II) coordination compound.

da Silveira J, Cardoso AP, Fernandes C, et al.

Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 2024; (37(5)):1225-1236 doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00602-4.

Understanding Acanthamoeba Keratitis: An In-Depth Review of a Sight-Threatening Eye Infection.

Petrillo F, Tortori A, Vallino V, et al.

Microorganisms 2024; (12(4)) doi:10.3390/microorganisms12040758.

Modelling amoebic brain infection caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris using a human cerebral organoid.

Tongkrajang N, Kobpornchai P, Dubey P, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2024; (18(6)):e0012274 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012274.

Efficacy of Intravenous 20% Mannitol vs 3% Hypertonic Saline in Reducing Intracranial Pressure in Nontraumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Choudhury A, Ravikant , Bairwa M, et al.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 2024; (28(7)):686-695 doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24746.

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis in children: A case report and literature review.

Song B, Zheng J, Zhao D

IDCases 2024; (37()):e02028 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e02028.

Use of in vivo confocal microscopy in suspected Acanthamoeba keratitis: a 12-year real-world data study at a Swedish regional referral center.

Toba B, Lagali N

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2024; (14(1)):43 doi:10.1186/s12348-024-00424-y.

Rethinking Keratoplasty for Patients with Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Early "Low Load Keratoplasty" in Contrast to Late Optical and Therapeutic Keratoplasty.

Abu Dail Y, Flockerzi E, Munteanu C, et al.

Microorganisms 2024; (12(9)) doi:10.3390/microorganisms12091801.

A Synthetic View on Acanthamoeba Keratitis Host Immune Response: Potential Factors Influencing the Development of Chronic Inflammation.

Prado-Costa B, Pinto LF, Fonseca MF, et al.

Cornea 2025; (44(1)):118-127 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003690.

Enlightening the promising role of nanoparticle-based treatments against Naegleria fowleri-induced primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: A brain-eating disease.

Jhulki S, Bhowmik B, Pal A

Microbial pathogenesis 2025; (199()):107234 doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107234.

Cloning of nf-profilin and intercellular interaction with nf-actin in Naegleria fowleri cysts.

Sohn HJ, Ham AJ, Park AY, et al.

Scientific reports 2025; (15(1)):7015 doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90222-w.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis Management and Prognostic Factors: A Systematic Review.

Marques-Couto P, Monteiro M, Ferreira AM, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(7)) doi:10.3390/jcm14072528.

Virulence of Naegleria fowleri isolates varies significantly in the mouse model of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Russell AC, Schiff E, Dainis J, et al.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2025; doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655168.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae from Environmental Samples in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Pérez-Pérez P, Reyes-Batlle M, Morchón R, et al.

ACS ES&T water 2025; (5(6)):2861-2869 doi:10.1021/acsestwater.4c00573.

Acanthamoeba healyi (genotype T12) meningoencephalitis in an adult - first case in Israel.

Atamna A, Franken L, Grossman T, et al.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2025; (113(3)):116988 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116988.

Challenges and Strategies in Managing Naegleria fowleri-Associated Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in Pakistan: A Case Report.

Zaman M, Fida T, Haris HM, et al.

Acta parasitologica 2025; (70(4)):150 doi:10.1007/s11686-025-01091-2.

Imaging findings of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis in 2 cases with different prognosis and literature review.

Chen Y, Zhang T, Lou H

BMC neurology 2025; (26(1)):6 doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04544-3.

Free-Living Amoebae Infections: Case Reports Identified at a Reference Parasitology Laboratory in Argentina.

Degese MF, Prieto MP, Nigro MG, et al.

Acta parasitologica 2025; (70(6)):240 doi:10.1007/s11686-025-01198-6.