Research & Literature

Current Systemic Treatment Options for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor/Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis: Targeting the CSF1/CSF1R Axis.

Brahmi M, Vinceneux A, Cassier PA

Current treatment options in oncology 2016; (17(2)):10 doi:10.1007/s11864-015-0385-x.

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis: A Comprehensive Review and Proposed Treatment Algorithm.

Stephan SR, Shallop B, Lackman R, et al.

JBJS reviews 2016; (4(7)) doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00086.

Localized and diffuse forms of tenosynovial giant cell tumor (formerly giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and pigmented villonodular synovitis).

Gouin F, Noailles T

Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2017; (103(1S)):S91-S97 doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.11.002.

Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumors of the Foot and Ankle: A Critical Analysis Review.

Fraser EJ, Sullivan M, Maclean F, Nesbitt A

JBJS reviews 2017; (5(1)) doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.16.00025.

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis - Various Manifestations, Inconsistent Terminology and Treatment. Cases Study.

Kokoszka P, Woźniak W, Łapaj Ł, Kruczyński J

Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja 2017; (19(1)):79-88 doi:10.5604/15093492.1235281.

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 38 patients.

Wang C, Song RR, Kuang PD, et al.

Oncology letters 2017; (13(6)):4459-4462 doi:10.3892/ol.2017.6011.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics, and Recurrence. A Registry-based Cohort Study in Denmark.

Ehrenstein V, Andersen SL, Qazi I, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2017; (44(10)):1476-1483 doi:10.3899/jrheum.160816.

Higher incidence rates than previously known in tenosynovial giant cell tumors.

Mastboom MJL, Verspoor FGM, Verschoor AJ, et al.

Acta orthopaedica 2017; (88(6)):688-694 doi:10.1080/17453674.2017.1361126.

Total knee replacement in patients with diffuse villonodular synovitis.

Pinheiro Junior LFB, Cenni MHF, Leal RHS, Teixeira LEM

Revista brasileira de ortopedia 2017; (52(5)):616-620 doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2017.08.002.

Locally Aggressive Connective Tissue Tumors.

Gounder MM, Thomas DM, Tap WD

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2018; (36(2)):202-209 doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.75.8482.

Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath and synovial membrane: A review of 26 cases.

Kant KS, Manav AK, Kumar R, et al.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma 2017; (8(Suppl 2)):S96-S99 doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2017.06.014.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis in pediatric population: review of literature and a case report.

Karami M, Soleimani M, Shiari R

Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2018; (16(1)):6 doi:10.1186/s12969-018-0222-4.

Nilotinib in locally advanced pigmented villonodular synovitis: a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

Gelderblom H, Cropet C, Chevreau C, et al.

The Lancet. Oncology 2018; (19(5)):639-648 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30143-8.

Arthroscopic Management of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Hip in Children and Adolescents.

Willimon SC, Schrader T, Perkins CA

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine 2018; (6(3)):2325967118763118 doi:10.1177/2325967118763118.

Lowering the recurrence rate in pigmented villonodular synovitis: A series of 120 resections.

Capellen CF, Tiling R, Klein A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2018; (57(8)):1448-1452 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key133.

Severity classification of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumours on MR imaging.

Mastboom MJL, Verspoor FGM, Hanff DF, et al.

Surgical oncology 2018; (27(3)):544-550 doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2018.07.002.

Pexidartinib versus placebo for advanced tenosynovial giant cell tumour (ENLIVEN): a randomised phase 3 trial.

Tap WD, Gelderblom H, Palmerini E, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2019; (394(10197)):478-487 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30764-0.

Pexidartinib for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor: safety and efficacy.

Palmerini E, Longhi A, Donati DM, Staals EL

Expert review of anticancer therapy 2020; (20(6)):441-445 doi:10.1080/14737140.2020.1757441.

Recurrence of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: A case report with review of literature on the risk factors causing recurrence.

Fang Y, Zhang Q

Medicine 2020; (99(16)):e19856 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019856.

Optimal Treatment for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Hand.

Kitagawa Y, Takai S

Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2020; (87(4)):184-190 doi:10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2020_87-408.

Arthroscopic Technique for the Treatment of Localized Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee.

Papamerkouriou YM, Posantzis MI, Kouremenos D, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(4)):e7832 doi:10.7759/cureus.7832.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip joint: Three cases demonstrating characteristic MRI features.

Sullivan CJ, Eustace SJ, Kavanagh EC

Radiology case reports 2020; (15(8)):1335-1338 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2020.05.067.

ENLIVEN study: Pexidartinib for tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).

Tap W

Future oncology (London, England) 2020; (16(25)):1875-1878 doi:10.2217/fon-2020-0307.

Prospects of Treating Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor through Pexidartinib: A Review.

Alsayadi YMMA, Chawla PA

Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry 2021; (21(12)):1510-1519 doi:10.2174/1871520620999201102123555.

Management of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Neoplastic and Inflammatory Disease.

Healey JH, Bernthal NM, van de Sande M

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2020; (4(11)):e20.00028 doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00028.

Long-term outcomes of pexidartinib in tenosynovial giant cell tumors.

Gelderblom H, Wagner AJ, Tap WD, et al.

Cancer 2021; (127(6)):884-893 doi:10.1002/cncr.33312.

Pexidartinib improves physical functioning and stiffness in patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor: results from the ENLIVEN randomized clinical trial.

Van De Sande M, Tap WD, Gelhorn HL, et al.

Acta orthopaedica 2021; (92(4)):493-499 doi:10.1080/17453674.2021.1922161.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor in the Forefoot: Two Case Reports and Literature Review.

Córdoba-Fernández A, Sánchez-Robles LJ, Lobo-Martín A

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2021; (111(3)) doi:10.7547/20-089.

MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of a giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath of the knee joint (pigmented villonodular synovitis): A case report and literature review.

Liu X, Xu H, Jiang T, et al.

Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine 2021; (24(2)):149-154 doi:10.1967/s002449912355.

Vimseltinib: A Precision CSF1R Therapy for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors and Diseases Promoted by Macrophages.

Smith BD, Kaufman MD, Wise SC, et al.

Molecular cancer therapeutics 2021; (20(11)):2098-2109 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-21-0361.

Turalio risk evaluation and mitigation strategy for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: framework and experience.

Dharmani C, Wang E, Salas M, et al.

Future oncology (London, England) 2022; (18(13)):1595-1607 doi:10.2217/fon-2021-1475.

Update on Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, an Inflammatory Arthritis With Neoplastic Features.

Robert M, Farese H, Miossec P

Frontiers in immunology 2022; (13()):820046 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.820046.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor Mimicking Acute Septic Arthritis of the Hip: A Case Report.

Honig E, Harris A, Sabharwal S, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2022; (6(6)).

Surgical management of 144 diffuse-type TGCT patients in a single institution: A 20-year cohort study.

Spierenburg G, van der Heijden L, Mastboom MJL, et al.

Journal of surgical oncology 2022; (126(6)):1087-1095 doi:10.1002/jso.26991.

Long-term follow-up of nilotinib in patients with advanced tenosynovial giant cell tumours: Long-term follow-up of nilotinib in TGCT.

Spierenburg G, Grimison P, Chevreau C, et al.

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 2022; (173()):219-228 doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.06.028.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor.

Kager M, Kager R, Fałek P, et al.

Folia medica Cracoviensia 2022; (62(2)):93-107 doi:10.24425/fmc.2022.141702.

Combined Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Synovectomy for Diffuse Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) of the Ankle.

Lui TH, Leung YT

Arthroscopy techniques 2022; (11(11)):e2039-e2047 doi:10.1016/j.eats.2022.08.001.

MRI of diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumour in the knee: a guide for diagnosis and treatment response assessment.

Spierenburg G, Suevos Ballesteros C, Stoel BC, et al.

Insights into imaging 2023; (14(1)):22 doi:10.1186/s13244-023-01367-z.

Total knee arthroplasty in pigmented villonodular synovitis osteoarthritis: a systematic review of literature.

Panciera A, Colangelo A, Di Martino A, et al.

Musculoskeletal surgery 2024; (108(2)):145-152 doi:10.1007/s12306-023-00793-y.

Bone SPECT/CT in Advanced Diffuse Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Wrist.

Lampe NA, Strobel K, Pallaver A, et al.

Clinical nuclear medicine 2023; (48(12)):1047-1048 doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000004823.

Demystifying Giant Cell Tumours of Tendon Sheath (GCTTS): A Case Series of 18 Cases with Review of Literature.

Khurana A, Singh JP, Preeti , et al.

Indian journal of orthopaedics 2023; (57(11)):1858-1873 doi:10.1007/s43465-023-00990-8.

Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers for tenosynovial giant cell tumour by integrating microarray and single-cell RNA sequencing data.

Chen C, Zheng L, Zeng G, et al.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2023; (18(1)):905 doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04279-2.

Active surveillance of diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumors: A retrospective, multicenter cohort study.

Spierenburg G, Staals EL, Palmerini E, et al.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 2024; (50(2)):107953 doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2024.107953.

Diffuse-Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: What Are the Important Findings on the Initial and Follow-Up MRI?

Choi WS, Lee SK, Kim JY, Kim Y

Cancers 2024; (16(2)) doi:10.3390/cancers16020402.

A Case Report of Diffuse-type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor as a Calcaneus Mass: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang S

Current medical imaging 2024; (20()):e15734056286012 doi:10.2174/0115734056286012240111093147.

Recurrent Localized Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Left Ring Finger: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Awosusi BL, Attia OM

Cureus 2024; (16(3)):e55962 doi:10.7759/cureus.55962.

Vimseltinib versus placebo for tenosynovial giant cell tumour (MOTION): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Gelderblom H, Bhadri V, Stacchiotti S, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2024; (403(10445)):2709-2719 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00885-7.

CSF1R Inhibition in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors or Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Phase I Study of Vimseltinib.

Gelderblom H, Razak AA, Taylor MH, et al.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2024; (30(18)):3996-4004 doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-0103.

Pexidartinib Upfront in a Case of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Proof of Concept for a Treatment Paradigm Shift.

Palmerini E, Peta G, Tuzzato G

Oncology and therapy 2024; (12(4)):833-841 doi:10.1007/s40487-024-00298-z.

Patient Outcomes After Resection of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis in Patients in King Abdulaziz Medical City.

Aljuhani W, Alamri A, Altorbak B, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(8)):e68248 doi:10.7759/cureus.68248.

Vimseltinib versus a placebo in patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a plain language summary of the MOTION phase 3 trial.

Bernthal NM, Stern S, Blay JY

Future oncology (London, England) 2024; (20(39)):3183-3192 doi:10.1080/14796694.2024.2398893.

Co-occurrence of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis and Patellar Clunk Syndrome Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Ayala-Ortiz JL, Hobbs C, Murphy J, Naranje S

Cureus 2024; (16(11)):e73207 doi:10.7759/cureus.73207.

Surgical management of villonodular-pigmented synovitis of knee: decisional algorithm.

Cosseddu F, Ipponi E, Ruinato AD, et al.

Orthopedic reviews 2022; (14(5)):39644 doi:10.52965/001c.39644.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumours of the foot and ankle: a retrospective single centre experience with surgical treatment of 34 cases.

Scheele C, Harrasser N, Beischl S, et al.

BMC cancer 2025; (25(1)):530 doi:10.1186/s12885-025-13921-7.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor and Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis.

Kemp AK, Brigman B, Siegel G, et al.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025; (33(11)):e593-e602 doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-24-01255.

Medical Management of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor.

Palmerini E, Trent JC, Hornicek FJ

Current oncology reports 2025; (27(7)):844-855 doi:10.1007/s11912-025-01679-x.

Satisfactory functional outcomes and low recurrence rates at a mean 10-year follow-up after combined staged synovectomy and external radiotherapy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee.

Fahmy FS, ElAttar M, Farhan AH, et al.

Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine 2025; (13()):100907 doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2025.100907.

TURALIO® Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (tREMS) program: 5-year retrospective hepatic safety assessment.

Waheed Rajper A, Dharmani C, Chilakapati L, et al.

Future oncology (London, England) 2025; (21(15)):1859-1865 doi:10.1080/14796694.2025.2509409.

Vimseltinib: A novel colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs).

Dou F, Lu D, Gao J

Intractable & rare diseases research 2025; (14(2)):143-144 doi:10.5582/irdr.2025.01010.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumours: A Clinicopathologic Study of a Case-Series.

Djiwa T, Bombone M, Sama B, et al.

Sage open pathology 2025; (18()):30502098251341137 doi:10.1177/30502098251341137.

Diffuse-Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Knee: Clinical Course After Anterior Open Synovectomy.

Bruschi A, Staals E, Sambri A, et al.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2025; (32(6)) doi:10.3390/curroncol32060342.

Current management of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumours of the knee in the United Kingdom.

Ward TRW, Ashford RU, Eastley NC

The Knee 2025; (56()):407-414 doi:10.1016/j.knee.2025.06.006.

A Phase 3 Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Pexidartinib in East Asian Patients with Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor.

Xu H, Wu PK, Ye Z, et al.

Oncology and therapy 2025; (13(4)):1025-1039 doi:10.1007/s40487-025-00365-z.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options in Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee: A Narrative Review.

Fazio A, Mazzella GG, Greco T, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(16)) doi:10.3390/jcm14165857.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT): Mechanisms and advances in targeted treatments.

Xu H, Li Y, Lin N, et al.

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology 2025; (216()):104951 doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104951.

The Impact of Osseous Erosions on Intraarticular Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors of the Knee and Local Recurrence.

Olson J, LiBrizzi CL, Gross J, et al.

Orthopedics 2025; (48(6)):e238-e244 doi:10.3928/01477447-20251103-01.

Managing Extensive Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis with Wide Resection and Endoprosthesis Replacement at the Elbow and Ankle Joints: A Mid-term Outcome.

Ajit Singh V, Haseeb A, Yasin NF

Indian journal of orthopaedics 2026; (60(1)):235-243 doi:10.1007/s43465-025-01472-9.

Management of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: approved and investigational therapies.

Conway AP, Lim A, Schulte BC, Agulnik M

Expert review of anticancer therapy 2026; 1-9 doi:10.1080/14737140.2026.2620510.

Identification of a potential relationship between pigmented villonodular synovitis and atherosclerosis using comprehensive bioinformatics analyses.

Chen S, Jia H, Zheng G, et al.

Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals 2026; 1-10 doi:10.1080/1354750X.2026.2625237.