Research & Literature

Non-motor symptoms in patients with adult-onset focal dystonia: Sensory and psychiatric disturbances.

Conte A, Berardelli I, Ferrazzano G, et al.

Parkinsonism & related disorders 2016; (22 Suppl 1()):S111-4.

Strategies for treatment of dystonia.

Dressler D, Altenmueller E, Bhidayasiri R, et al.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 2016; (123(3)):251-8 doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1453-x.

DYT6 Dystonia: A Neuropathological Study.

Paudel R, Li A, Hardy J, et al.

Neuro-degenerative diseases 2016; (16(3-4)):273-8 doi:10.1159/000440863.

Isolated Focal Dystonia as a Disorder of Large-Scale Functional Networks.

Battistella G, Termsarasab P, Ramdhani RA, et al.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 2017; (27(2)):1203-1215 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv313.

Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in treatment of different forms of focal dystonias in the Serbian population: experience of the Botulinum Toxin Outpatients Department.

Tomić A, Vujović B, Svetel M, et al.

Vojnosanitetski pregled 2015; (72(12)):1069-73 doi:10.2298/vsp131224114t.

Behavioural interventions for people living with adult-onset primary dystonia: a systematic review.

Bernstein CJ, Ellard DR, Davies G, et al.

BMC neurology 2016; (16()):40 doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0562-y.

Pallidal stimulation for medically intractable blepharospasm.

Yamada K, Shinojima N, Hamasaki T, Kuratsu J

BMJ case reports 2016; (2016()).

The anatomical basis of upper limb dystonia: lesson from secondary cases.

Liuzzi D, Gigante AF, Leo A, Defazio G

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2016; (37(9)):1393-8 doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2598-6.

Epidemiological, clinical and genetic aspects of adult onset isolated focal dystonia in Ireland.

Williams L, McGovern E, Kimmich O, et al.

European journal of neurology 2017; (24(1)):73-81 doi:10.1111/ene.13133.

Focal task specific dystonia: a review and update.

Stahl CM, Frucht SJ

Journal of neurology 2017; (264(7)):1536-1541 doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8373-z.

Disruption in cerebellar and basal ganglia networks during a visuospatial task in cervical dystonia.

Filip P, Gallea C, Lehéricy S, et al.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2017; (32(5)):757-768 doi:10.1002/mds.26930.

How Many Dystonias? Clinical Evidence.

Albanese A

Frontiers in neurology 2017; (8()):18 doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00018.

Sensory tricks in primary blepharospasm and idiopathic cervical dystonia.

Pandey S, Soni G, Sarma N

Neurology India 2017; (65(3)):532-536 doi:10.4103/neuroindia.NI_864_16.

KMT2B rare missense variants in generalized dystonia.

Zech M, Jech R, Havránková P, et al.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2017; (32(7)):1087-1091 doi:10.1002/mds.27026.

Botulinum toxin for treatment of the focal dystonia.

Nakamura Y

Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 2017; (57(7)):367-372 doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001018.

Causes of failure of pallidal deep brain stimulation in cases with pre-operative diagnosis of isolated dystonia.

Pauls KAM, Krauss JK, Kämpfer CE, et al.

Parkinsonism & related disorders 2017; (43()):38-48 doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.023.

Pathogenesis of dystonia: is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin?

Kaji R, Bhatia K, Graybiel AM

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2018; (89(5)):488-492 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316250.

Long-term Efficacy of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Treatment for Essential Blepharospasm.

Lee S, Park S, Lew H

Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO 2018; (32(1)):1-7 doi:10.3341/kjo.2017.0030.

Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Movement Disorders.

Safarpour Y, Jabbari B

Current treatment options in neurology 2018; (20(2)):4 doi:10.1007/s11940-018-0488-3.

Spread of dystonia in patients with idiopathic adult-onset laryngeal dystonia.

Esposito M, Fabbrini G, Ferrazzano G, et al.

European journal of neurology 2018; (25(11)):1341-1344 doi:10.1111/ene.13731.

Dystonia.

Balint B, Mencacci NE, Valente EM, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2018; (4(1)):25 doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6.

Task-specificity in focal dystonia is shaped by aberrant diversity of a functional network kernel.

Fuertinger S, Simonyan K

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2018; (33(12)):1918-1927 doi:10.1002/mds.97.

Transfer Dysphagia Due to Focal Dystonia.

Samal P, Goyal V, Makharia GK, et al.

Journal of movement disorders 2018; (11(3)):129-132 doi:10.14802/jmd.17081.

Deep Brain Stimulation for the Dystonias: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Practical Considerations.

Reese R, Volkmann J

Movement disorders clinical practice 2017; (4(4)):486-494 doi:10.1002/mdc3.12519.

High Botulinum Toxin-Neutralizing Antibody Prevalence Under Long-Term Cervical Dystonia Treatment.

Hefter H, Rosenthal D, Moll M

Movement disorders clinical practice 2016; (3(5)):500-506 doi:10.1002/mdc3.12322.

The prevalence of adult-onset isolated dystonia in Finland 2007-2016.

Ortiz R, Scheperjans F, Mertsalmi T, Pekkonen E

PloS one 2018; (13(11)):e0207729 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207729.

Sexual dysfunction in cervical dystonia and blepharospasm.

Marek M, Grobe-Einsler M, Bedarf JR, et al.

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 2018; (14()):2847-2852 doi:10.2147/NDT.S175193.

Evaluation of anxiety and depression scales and quality of LIFE in cervical dystonia patients on botulinum toxin therapy and their relatives.

Ceylan D, Erer S, Zarifoğlu M, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2019; (40(4)):725-731 doi:10.1007/s10072-019-3719-9.

Oromandibular dystonia, mental distress and oro-facial dysfunction-A follow-up 8-10 years after start of treatment with botulinum toxin.

Bakke M, Baram S, Dalager T, et al.

Journal of oral rehabilitation 2019; (46(5)):441-449 doi:10.1111/joor.12768.

Laryngeal vibration as a non-invasive neuromodulation therapy for spasmodic dysphonia.

Khosravani S, Mahnan A, Yeh IL, et al.

Scientific reports 2019; (9(1)):17955 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54396-4.

Risk of spread in adult-onset isolated focal dystonia: a prospective international cohort study.

Berman BD, Groth CL, Sillau SH, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2020; (91(3)):314-320 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321794.

Neuropsychiatric profile of patients with craniocervical dystonia: A case-control study.

Ospina-García N, Escobar-Barrios M, Rodríguez-Violante M, et al.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2020; (193()):105794 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105794.

Radiofrequency ablation for DYT-28 dystonia: short term follow-up of three adult cases.

Horisawa S, Azuma K, Akagawa H, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2020; (7(10)):2047-2051 doi:10.1002/acn3.51170.

Olfaction as a Marker for Dystonia: Background, Current State and Directions.

Herr T, Gamain J, Fleischmann R, et al.

Brain sciences 2020; (10(10)) doi:10.3390/brainsci10100727.

EIF2AK2 Missense Variants Associated with Early Onset Generalized Dystonia.

Kuipers DJS, Mandemakers W, Lu CS, et al.

Annals of neurology 2021; (89(3)):485-497 doi:10.1002/ana.25973.

Neuroimaging in idiopathic adult-onset focal dystonia.

Fabbrini G, Conte A, Ferrazzano G, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2021; (42(7)):2947-2950 doi:10.1007/s10072-020-05025-w.

Contemporary functional neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of dystonia.

Brüggemann N

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 2021; (128(4)):499-508 doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02299-y.

Genotype-Phenotype Relations for Isolated Dystonia Genes: MDSGene Systematic Review.

Lange LM, Junker J, Loens S, et al.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2021; (36(5)):1086-1103 doi:10.1002/mds.28485.

Suicidal Ideations and Attempts in Patients With Isolated Dystonia.

Worthley A, Simonyan K

Neurology 2021; (96(11)):e1551-e1560 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011596.

Evidence of rehabilitation therapy in task-specific focal dystonia: a systematic review.

Hautekiet A, Raes K, Geers S, et al.

European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2021; (57(0)):710-719 doi:10.23736/S1973-9087.21.06677-6.

Botulinum toxin type A versus anticholinergics for cervical dystonia.

Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Castelão M, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2021; (4()):CD004312 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004312.pub3.

Scoring Algorithm-Based Genomic Testing in Dystonia: A Prospective Validation Study.

Zech M, Jech R, Boesch S, et al.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2021; (36(8)):1959-1964 doi:10.1002/mds.28614.

The development and use of an anatomy-based retraining program (MusAARP) to assess and treat focal hand dystonia in musicians-A pilot study.

Ackermann B, Altenmüller E

Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists 2021; (34(2)):309-314 doi:10.1016/j.jht.2021.05.007.

Predictive modeling of spread in adult-onset isolated dystonia: Key properties and effect of tremor inclusion.

Wang M, Sajobi T, Morgante F, et al.

European journal of neurology 2021; (28(12)):3999-4009 doi:10.1111/ene.15031.

High prevalence of self-reported non-motor symptoms and lack of correlation with motor severity in adult patients with idiopathic isolated dystonia.

da Silva-Júnior FP, Dos Santos Alves CO, Silva SMCA, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022; (43(2)):1061-1065 doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05452-3.

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus Internus for Secondary Dystonia: Clinical Cases and Systematic Review of the Literature Regarding the Effectiveness of Globus Pallidus Internus versus Subthalamic Nucleus.

Ozturk S, Temel Y, Aygun D, Kocabicak E

World neurosurgery 2021; (154()):e495-e508 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.070.

Novel insights into the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia from induced patient-derived neurons.

Ding B

Neural regeneration research 2022; (17(3)):561-562 doi:10.4103/1673-5374.320978.

Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Pain among Trigeminal Neuralgia, Myofascial Temporomandibular Disorders, and Oromandibular Dystonia.

Yoshida K

Toxins 2021; (13(9)) doi:10.3390/toxins13090605.

Sudden Onset, Fixed Dystonia and Acute Peripheral Trauma as Diagnostic Clues for Functional Dystonia.

Ercoli T, Defazio G, Geroin C, et al.

Movement disorders clinical practice 2021; (8(7)):1107-1111 doi:10.1002/mdc3.13322.

Sensory tricks modulate corticocortical and corticomuscular connectivity in cervical dystonia.

Lee SW, Cho HJ, Shin HW, Hallett M

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 2021; (132(12)):3116-3124 doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.08.019.

Sensitivity and pain in focal dystonia of the hand.

Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres M, García-Bravo C, Huertas-Hoyas E, et al.

Neurologia 2022; (37(9)):711-716 doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.12.005.

Oromandibular dystonia and temporomandibular disorders.

Handa S, Shaefer JR, Keith DA

Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 2022; (153(9)):899-906 doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2021.07.026.

Quality of Life After Deep Brain Stimulation of Pediatric Patients with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective, Single-Arm, Multicenter Study with a Subsequent Randomized Double-Blind Crossover (STIM-CP).

Koy A, Kühn AA, Huebl J, et al.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2022; (37(4)):799-811 doi:10.1002/mds.28898.

Symptom Locus and Symptom Origin Incongruity in Runner's Dystonia - Case Study of an Elite Female Runner.

Ogasawara I, Hattori N, Revankar GS, et al.

Frontiers in human neuroscience 2021; (15()):809544 doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.809544.

Brain oscillatory dysfunctions in dystonia.

Lofredi R, Kühn AA

Handbook of clinical neurology 2022; (184()):249-257 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00026-6.

Focal Dystonia: Functional Connectivity Changes in Cerebellar-Basal Ganglia-Cortical Circuit and Preserved Global Functional Architecture.

Giannì C, Pasqua G, Ferrazzano G, et al.

Neurology 2022; (98(14)):e1499-e1509 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200022.

Utility of Clinical Exome Sequencing in Dystonia: A Single-Center Study From India.

Holla VV, Neeraja K, Stezin A, et al.

Journal of movement disorders 2022; (15(2)):156-161 doi:10.14802/jmd.21146.

[Focal or Segmental Dystonia Resistant to Botulinum Toxin: Re-Evaluation, Surgery, and Botulinum Again].

Mezaki T

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 2022; (74(5)):575-580 doi:10.11477/mf.1416202083.

Diagnosis and classification of blepharospasm: Recommendations based on empirical evidence.

Kilic-Berkmen G, Defazio G, Hallett M, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2022; (439()):120319 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120319.

Longitudinal Follow-Up of Mood in Cervical Dystonia and Influence on Age at Onset.

Moriarty A, Rafee S, Ndukwe I, et al.

Movement disorders clinical practice 2022; (9(5)):614-618 doi:10.1002/mdc3.13457.

Geste Antagoniste Effects on Motor Performance in Dystonia-A Kinematic Study.

Newby R, Muhamed S, Alty J, et al.

Movement disorders clinical practice 2022; (9(6)):759-764 doi:10.1002/mdc3.13505.

Long-Term Outcomes of Idiopathic and Acquired Dystonia After Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation: A Case Series.

Tai CH, Chou SC, Lin CH, et al.

World neurosurgery 2022; (167()):e575-e582 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.053.

Deep Brain Stimulation for Pediatric Dystonia: A Review of the Literature and Suggested Programming Algorithm.

Gelineau-Morel R, Kruer MC, Garris JF, et al.

Journal of child neurology 2022; (37(10-11)):813-824 doi:10.1177/08830738221115248.

Direct cerebello-striatal loop in dystonia as a possible new target for deep brain stimulation: A revised view of subcortical pathways involved.

Kaji R

Frontiers in neurology 2022; (13()):912818 doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.912818.

Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Impairment in Dystonia.

Bailey GA, Martin E, Peall KJ

Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2022; (22(11)):699-708 doi:10.1007/s11910-022-01233-3.

Role of supplementary motor area in cervical dystonia and sensory tricks.

Cho HJ, Waugh R, Wu T, et al.

Scientific reports 2022; (12(1)):21206 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25316-w.

Genetic spectrum and clinical features in a cohort of Chinese patients with isolated dystonia.

Li LX, Liu Y, Huang JH, et al.

Clinical genetics 2023; (103(4)):459-465 doi:10.1111/cge.14298.

Is Behavioural Therapy a New Treatment Option for Task-Specific Dystonia in Athletes? A Case Series.

Tibben MI, van Wensen E, Nijenhuis B, Zwerver J

Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) 2023; (13()):16 doi:10.5334/tohm.737.

Treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.

Scott AB, Fahn S, Brin MF

Medicine 2023; (102(S1)):e32374 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032374.

Whole exome sequencing and clinical investigation of young onset dystonia: What can we learn?

Ahn JH, Kim AR, Park WY, et al.

Parkinsonism & related disorders 2023; (115()):105814 doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105814.

Anatomical categorization of isolated non-focal dystonia: novel and existing patterns using a data-driven approach.

Younce JR, Cascella RH, Berman BD, et al.

Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) 2023; (2()) doi:10.3389/dyst.2023.11305.

[Pain and cervical dystonia].

Hamami F, Bäumer T

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) 2024; (38(1)):41-47 doi:10.1007/s00482-024-00790-5.

Gender Differences in Task Specific Dystonia: What Can we Learn from Musician's Dystonia?

Doll-Lee J, Passarotto E, Altenmüller E, Lee A

Movement disorders clinical practice 2024; (11(5)):526-533 doi:10.1002/mdc3.14015.

Musician's dystonia in a percussionist - clinical video analysis and botulinum toxin intervention: a case report.

Farinha Caroço MT, Zão A, Ribeiro J, et al.

Journal of rehabilitation medicine 2024; (56()):jrm34877 doi:10.2340/jrm.v56.34877.

Neurosurgical and pharmacological management of dystonia.

Mohamed AA, Faragalla S, Khan A, et al.

World journal of psychiatry 2024; (14(5)):624-634 doi:10.5498/wjp.v14.i5.624.

Doses of Botulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia: Does Ultrasound Guidance Change Injection Practices?

Kreisler A, Mortain L, Watel K, et al.

Toxins 2024; (16(10)) doi:10.3390/toxins16100439.

Multidimensional structural analyses revealed a correlation between thalamic atrophy and white matter degeneration in idiopathic dystonia.

Xu J, Cheng Q, Zhang Y, et al.

Brain communications 2025; (7(1)):fcaf026 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf026.

Review: Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Focal Limb Dystonia.

Kaplan EH, Vecchio M, Simpson DM

Toxins 2025; (17(3)) doi:10.3390/toxins17030122.

Is Routine Neuroimaging Needed in Adult-Onset Isolated Cervical Dystonia?

Myller E, Korhonen O, Joutsa J

Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) 2025; (15()):36 doi:10.5334/tohm.1049.

Is There a "Non-Motor Effect" of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms?

Dudzic M, Pieczyńska A, Drużdż A, et al.

Toxins 2025; (17(8)) doi:10.3390/toxins17080396.

Social determinants of health and health-related quality of life in individuals with isolated dystonia.

Nelson C, Stephen CD, Penney EB, et al.

Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) 2025; (4()) doi:10.3389/dyst.2025.13711.

Deep brain stimulation for Meige syndrome.

Jaffee S, Hussain S, Spott M, et al.

Surgical neurology international 2025; (16()):355 doi:10.25259/SNI_1018_2024.

Treatment Options for Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease.

Höglinger G, Lingor P, Höllerhage M, Trenkwalder C

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2025; (40(12)):2848-2849 doi:10.1002/mds.70107.

Uses and technique of ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin infiltration.

Llorente Peris J, Miranda Bautista J, Menéndez Fernández-Miranda P

Radiologia 2025; (67(6)):501695 doi:10.1016/j.rxeng.2025.501695.

Preferential age-related striatal volume preservation in cervical dystonia.

Owusu-Ansah M, Morris AE, Tanenbaum A, et al.

Journal of neurology 2026; (273(1)):79.

Factors influencing botulinum toxin response in cervical dystonia: a two-center GAS-based study.

Lopes S, Silva M, Carapinha D, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2026; (47(2)):188 doi:10.1007/s10072-026-08815-w.